Recent Developments in Polyurethane Foams Containing Low-Cost and Pro-Ecological Modifiers

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4s) ◽  
pp. 571-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Kosmela ◽  
◽  
Lukasz Zedler ◽  
Krzysztof Formela ◽  
Jozef Haponiuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Pu Foams

Diversity of the polyurethane (PU) foams applications cause that investigation of the relationships between their structure and properties is currently very popular topic among the many research institutions and companies. At the turn of the last years many scientific papers about PU foams and their composites were published. The one of the main trends in research in this field is related to the reduction of production costs of PU foams. This aim can be successfully achieved through the incorporation of raw materials of natural origin or the utilization of waste materials. This work reviews the progress and recent developments in area of PU foams containing low-cost and pro-ecological modifiers, such as crude glycerol, liquefied biomass, ground tire rubber, etc.

scholarly journals Materials and Applications for Low-Cost Ceramic Membranes

Membranes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanmyrat Abdullayev ◽  
Maged Bekheet ◽  
Dorian Hanaor ◽  
Aleksander Gurlo
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Ceramic Membranes ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
High Temperature Stability ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used

In water treatment applications, the use of ceramic membranes is associated with numerous advantages relative to polymer-based filtration systems. High-temperature stability, fouling resistance, and low maintenance requirements contribute to lower lifecycle costs in such systems. However, the high production costs of most commercially available ceramic membranes, stemming from raw materials and processing, are uneconomical for such systems in most water treatment applications. For this reason, there is a growing demand for new ceramic membranes based on low-cost raw materials and processes. The use of unrefined mineral feedstocks, clays, cement, sands, and ash as the basis for the fabrication of ceramic membranes offers a promising pathway towards the obtainment of effective filtration systems that can be economically implemented in large volumes. The design of effective ceramic filtration membranes based on low-cost raw materials and energy-efficient processes requires a balance of pore structure, mass flow, and robustness, all of which are highly dependent on the composition of materials used, the inclusion of various pore-forming and binding additives, and the thermal treatments to which membranes are subjected. In this review, we present recent developments in materials and processes for the fabrication of low-cost membranes from unrefined raw materials, including clays, zeolites, apatite, waste products, including fly ash and rice husk ash, and cement. We examine multiple aspects of materials design and address the challenges relating to their further development.

scholarly journals Ecological-and-Economic Evaluation of Vinyl Chloride Production in Mineral Resource Clusters

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 02025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Kudryashova ◽  
Evgeniy Kharlampenkov ◽  
Natalia Zakharova ◽  
Anastasiya Kolevatova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Material Consumption ◽  
Chemical Company ◽  
The Past ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
Energy Companies

Over the past six years, the volume of plastics production inprimary forms in Russia increased by 57%, exceeding 7.8 million tons in 2017. During this period, the production capacities were substantially renovated; new plants were put into operation. Increasing the competitiveness of Russian polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is possible on the basis of the integrated use of raw materials, the use of innovative technologies and reduction of production costs. When calculating costs, the following aspects were taken into account: type, availability and cost of raw materials, the number of chemical stages of final product production, its yield, energy intensity and material consumption of the process, the possibility of combining this method of production with other productionp rocesses of a chemical company, i.e. complex use of all obtained products. This is due to the low cost of raw materials, the clustering of coaland chemical enterprises and energy companies located in the Kemerovo region, which makes the production of PVC competitive.

scholarly journals Recent Developments on the Use of Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors - A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Umoren ◽  
M.M. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Corrosive Media ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Adsorption Sites ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The One ◽  
Metallic Corrosion

The use of corrosion inhibitors is the one the most economical and practical means of controlling metallic corrosion in different corrosive media. Interest on the use of eco-friendly organic compounds as corrosion inhibitors has extended to the use of polymers to inhibit metallic corrosion. The use of polymers as corrosion inhibitors has attracted attention and has gained wide acceptance in recent times. This has been attributed to a number of factors namely: (i) they are low cost and stable to metallic materials in acid media, (ii) they possess multiple adsorption sites, (iii) through their functional groups, they form complexes with metal ions and on the metal surface these complexes occupy a large area, thereby blanketing the surface and protecting the metal from corrosive agents present in the solution. A number of synthetic and natural polymers as metallic corrosion inhibitors have been investigated and reported. As an update to previous review work on the use of polymers as corrosion inhibitors, the present review presents most of the contributions made to the literature on the use of polymers as corrosion inhibitors of diverse metals in different corrosive media in the last four (2010-2013) years.

scholarly journals Development of Innovative Polyol Systems From Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate and Renewable Raw Materials for Rigid Polyurethane Foams

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Aiga Ivdre
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Recycled Pet ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Renewable Raw Material ◽  
Pu Foams

The Thesis aims to develop innovative polyols suitable for the production of rigid PU foam from recycled PET flakes and renewable raw material resources (rapeseed oil and tall oil) and to evaluate the effect of polyols on the most important properties of rigid PU foams as a thermal insulation material.

Toward the Absence of Time

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Rodríguez Matos
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Cuban Revolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Modernity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Political Time ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

This chapter focuses on the concept of time at the heart of political modernity, particularly as it is embodied in various phases of the Cuban Revolution. It sets out a way of understanding a perhaps unexpected continuity in the concept of politics underwriting the Revolutionary State across different moments in its history. The chapter shows to what extent the opposition of the one and the many, the one hegemonic time of Capitalist modernity and the multiple peripheral temporalities that confront and fracture it, only serves to occlude the metaphysical structure of modern political time as a whole. The chapter is concerned, on the one hand, with the retroactive changes that obtain in our image of politics once we take into account recent developments such as the period that follows the fall of the USSR and the contemporary moment of “normalizing” relations between the US and Cuba. On the other hand, the chapter is concerned with the various theoretical models available to think the political temporalities at issue.

scholarly journals A sustainable molding process for new rubber products from tire recycling

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Quadrini ◽  
Loredana Santo ◽  
Ettore Musacchi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Mechanical Performances ◽  
First Time

A new technology has been developed to produce large-size rubber products by molding ground tire rubber (GTR) without using any binder or other substance. GTR is compression molded at high pressure and temperature to achieve an optimal particle adhesion. Large-size tiles (1 m2) with thickness up to 50 mm have been molded without cracks or other damages. In this study, for the first time, energy consumption has been precisely estimated in different phases of the process cycle and discussed together with mechanical performances of molded products. Mechanical tests show that tiles have similar or higher performances than tiles produced by means of conventional processes (i.e. using polyurethane binders). Moreover, the new technology is able to save up to 50% of production costs related to electric energy and raw materials. Further developments are necessary to improve productivity by adding automation and reducing hand working.

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. J. Horncastle
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Flame Emission ◽  
Double Beam ◽  
Correct Energy ◽  
Colour Development ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

Historically flame emission spectroscopy was developed first. Routine analysis showed the advantage of measuring absorption over emission for many metals. Instrumentation requirements are:— 1. Pressure regulators and flowmeters with the sources of gases; 2. Atomizer; 3. Burner; 4. Optical system; 5. Detector. In addition, an energy source, e.g., a hollow cathode lamp, is needed. Essentially the technique involved is the same as absorbance in a solution but taken into flame. The ground state atoms are expected to pick up the correct energy. A drop in intensity is measured. Acetylene/air and acetylene/nitrous oxide are widely used now as flames. A complex theory of flames is discussed and conceptual difficulties are mentioned. Interference effects, e.g., compound formation and ionization are cited. Parameters affecting the signal are explored mathematically. Sensitivities and detection limits are compared in respect of flame emission and atomic absorption for the elements of interest. Ways of improving performance are presented. Awareness of contamination problems is important. For forensic applications and problems, absolute detection limits are lower with atomic absorption than in photometry for the majority of the listed elements. Among other advantages are specificity, several elements can be determined in one sample and one can operate on smaller samples than in some chemical methods, many elements can be surveyed with the one instrument, and there is freedom from time elapsing during colour development and drying of precipitates. All this is at relatively low cost, although sophisticated apparatus and elaborate accessories can be expensive. More than 50 per cent of instruments bought have been applied to biochemical and agricultural projects. Versatility is evident from assays of the many trace elements present in all kinds of water. Among disadvantages are failures with some lamps, too much trouble with the nebulizer, and the scarcity of information regarding the determination of major constituents. Suitable precision, adequate sensitivity, acceptable drift, allowable blank, and a satisfactory calibration curve are necessary for best accuracy. Post-mortem urine samples were examined for a variety of elements and in the case of lead poisonings, blood and ‘wet oxidized’ tissue were analysed. Reproducibility and difficulties of sampling and technique were compared using the three basic types of instrument available. For maximum sensitivity and best detection limits the double-beam instrument is preferred. Lamp, detector, and electronic drift are eliminated and its stability is superior.

scholarly journals Efecto de la suplementación con forrajes arbustivos sobre el desempeño productivo de conejos (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (34) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Veronica Marcela Calderon-Bedoya ◽  
Miguel Angel Castaño-Benitez ◽  
Raul Adolfo Velásquez-Vélez
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Feeding Costs ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Carcass Performance

Actualmente existe una alta demanda de alimentos balanceados destinados a la ceba de animales que resultan costosos, por lo tanto, los alimentos balanceados no convencionales son una alternativa para obtener buenos resultados a bajo costo; planteando como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la suplementación de diferentes forrajes en el desempeño productivo y rendimiento de la canal de 24 conejos machos raza Nueva Zelanda, distribuidos en 4 tratamientos con 6 individuos cada uno, determinando ganancia de peso, rendimiento de canal y costos de alimentación. Se realizó un análisis de medidas repetidas en el tiempo con el paquete estadístico SAS, encontrando que no hay diferencias significativas (p≤0,05) entre el Botón de oro y el alimento comercial, con respecto a peso final y rendimiento de la canal, identificando una disminución en costos, concluyendo que la suplementación con materias primas no convencionales es una alternativa para reducir los costos de producción, hasta un 59%. Currently there is a high demand for balanced feeds intended for fattening animals that are expensive, therefore, unconventional balanced feeds are an alternative to obtain good results at low cost, consequently, the objective was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of different forages in the productive and carcass performance of 24 male New Zealand breed rabbits, distributed in 4 treatments with 6 individuals each one, measuring weight gain, carcass weight and feeding costs. It performed a repeated measures analysis over time with the SAS statistical package, there are no significant differences (p≤0,05) between Mexican sunflower and commercial feed, with respect to carcass performance, identifying a decrease in costs, concluding that supplementation with unconventional raw materials is an alternative to reduce production costs, up to 21,3%.

scholarly journals Butter whey and corn steep liquor as sole raw materials to obtain a bioemulsifier from Yarrowia lipolytica for food oil-in-water emulsions

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiane Ferreira dos Santos ◽  
Karine Marques Lento de Freitas ◽  
Adejanildo da Silva Pereira ◽  
Gizele Cardoso Fontes-Sant’Ana ◽  
Maria Helena Miguez da Rocha-Leão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Emulsification Index ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Steep Liquor ◽  
Cheese Production

ABSTRACT: A synthetic medium containing glucose, glycerol, yeast extract (YE), and ammonium sulfate (AS) was compared to several low-cost media in their ability to produce high emulsification index (EI). The goal was to reduce the production costs of an emulsifier with application in food oil-in-water emulsions. To this end, agro-industrial by-products were screened for bioemulsifier production from Yarrowia lipolytica. The statistical analysis showed that the EIs of media containing residual frying oil from palm oil (RFO_palm) or soybean oil (RFO_soy), residual liquid from butter production (butter whey, BWhey) or cheese production (cheese whey, CWhey), supplemented with YE and AS were similar to the EI of the synthetic medium. The replacement of YE by corn steep liquor (CSL) also resulted in similar EI, except for RFO_soy. BWhey was tested with CSL without AS and similar EI (66.8%) was detected in comparison to that of the same medium with AS (66.3%). The cell-free broth obtained after Y. lipolytica growth in BWhey+CSL was successfully used to obtain vegetable oil-in-water emulsions indicating its potential application in food products.

scholarly journals Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1345
Author(s):  
Md. Saifur Rahman ◽  
Md. Saif Hasan ◽  
Ashis Sutradhar Nitai ◽  
Sunghyun Nam ◽  
Aneek Krishna Karmakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Cellulose Derivatives ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Application Fields ◽  
And Storage

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is one of the most promising cellulose derivatives. Due to its characteristic surface properties, mechanical strength, tunable hydrophilicity, viscous properties, availability and abundance of raw materials, low-cost synthesis process, and likewise many contrasting aspects, it is now widely used in various advanced application fields, for example, food, paper, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, biomedical engineering, wastewater treatment, energy production, and storage energy production, and storage and so on. Many research articles have been reported on CMC, depending on their sources and application fields. Thus, a comprehensive and well-organized review is in great demand that can provide an up-to-date and in-depth review on CMC. Herein, this review aims to provide compact information of the synthesis to the advanced applications of this material in various fields. Finally, this article covers the insights of future CMC research that could guide researchers working in this prominent field.

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