Initiated by Organic Peroxides Cooligomerization of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons of C5 fraction – By-product of Ethylene Production

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
Bohdan Dzinyak ◽  
◽  
Stepan Melnyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Organic Peroxides ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Main Factors

Initiated by organic peroxides cooligomerization of unsaturated compounds of C5 fraction has been studied. Such fraction is a by-product obtained at ethylene production via hydrocarbon raw material pyrolysis. The main regularities of the process have been established, the effect of main factors (temperature, reaction time, nature and concentration of the initiators) on the yield and physico-chemical characteristics of the obtained cooligomers has been examined. The effective initiator and optimal technological parameters of the cooligomerization process have been determined

Experimental Researches on the Preparation of High-Efficient Active Floridin by Mixed Acids

2012 ◽  
Vol 510 ◽  
pp. 713-718
Author(s):  
Ming Yong Shu ◽  
Hai Ying Yin ◽  
Guang Hui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Activation Effect ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Mixed Acids

Taking ca-bentonite as the raw material, the activation effect of active floridin prepared by mixed acids of H2SO4, HCl and C2H2O4 is studied. The research results indicate that the main factors influencing the activity and decolorization ratio of floridin include volume ratio of mixed acids, liquid-to-solid ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time. When the volume ratio of mixed acids H2SO4: HCl: C2H2O4=5:5:1, liquid-to-solid ratio =4:1, reaction temperature 80 and reaction time 4h, it is possible to prepare high-efficient active floridin.

scholarly journals NATURAL CLEANING OF OIL POLLUTED SEASHORES

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Drapeau
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Stable Emulsion ◽  
Mechanical Abrasion ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
One Year ◽  
Type Fuel

Field observations were carried out for a period of 20 months on the seashores of Chedabucto Bay, following the spillage of 108, 000 barrels of bunker C oil in the bay by the tanker Arrow in February 1970. The main factors that control the natural cleaning of seashores are as follows: 1) Physico-chemical characteristics of oil: The bunker C-type fuel oil carried by the tanker Arrow forms, when spilled at sea, a very stable emulsion containing some 40 percent sea water. The emulsion formed is 40 times as viscous as pure bunker C (30,000 poises at 32°F). 2) Nature of polluted seashore: The natural cleaning of seashores is essentially mechanical. Abrasion of oil is most rapid on sand beaches because sand-size sediments are moved more vigourously by wave action. Such beaches clean within six months. Cobble and boulder beaches take one year to clean in Chedabucto Bay. Bedrock outcrops are still covered with a veneer of "dried" oil after 20 months of exposure to the surf. 3) Hydrodynamics of the environment: Wave action is the dominant source of energy that reaches the seashores of Chedabucto Bay and the cleaning of beaches is directly related to the amount of wave energy reaching different areas of the seashore.

Study on the Saccharification Conditions of Fuel Ethanol from Corn Straw

2014 ◽  
Vol 672-674 ◽  
pp. 172-176
Author(s):  
Min Zhang ◽  
Jin Yang Li ◽  
Hai Bin Fu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Fuel Ethanol ◽  
Orthogonal Test ◽  
Optimal Combination ◽  
Hydrolysis Rate ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Main Factors

To study the saccharification conditions of cellulase on lignocellulose material, this paper used corn straw as the material to do research on the effect of cellulase. The hydrolysis factors, including reaction temperature, reaction time and cellulase concentration, were measured in order to determine the optimal saccharification conditions for fuel ethanol production. The results showed that, when the reaction temperature was 45°C, reaction time was 72 h and cellulase concentration was 60 IU/g, the hydrolysis rate can respectively reach 6.25 %, 14.7 % and 14.4 %. By the analysis of orthogonal test, the main factors effects the saccharification was reaction time. And the optimal combination of saccharification conditions was the reaction time of 54 h, the reaction temperature of 45 °C, and the cellulase concentration of 55 IU/g.

Advances Research on Preparation of Magnesium Carbonate Whisker

2013 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Rui Shen ◽  
Gang Chu ◽  
Xin Pu Shen
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Exploitation And Utilization

Magnesium carbonate whisker is a single crystal of magnesium carbonate crystal, which has an integral crystal growth, and small defects, furthermore, it is colorless, transparent, and has high-intensity. It has an incomparable property compared to other conventional whiskers. It is a cost-effective whisker; thus has been of great interest due of this characteristic. Reported magnesium carbonate whiskers have been increased gradually since the beginning of this century. The preparation of magnesium carbonate whisker can be done by using chemicals as raw material, as well as by using natural resources, such as: seawater concentrated liquid and magnesite. Although magnesite resources are abundant in China, its low exploitation and utilization had long been the reason for low grade ore problems. The use of magnesium ore to optimize conditions for the preparation of magnesium carbonate whisker by adjusting reaction conditions, not only took advantage of mineral resources, but also helped to achieve industrial production of magnesium carbonate whiskers. We also analyzed how some factors had influenced the morphologies of MgCO3•3H2O, such as: reaction temperature, reaction time, and stirring speed etc.

Preparation of Na2S from Na2SO4 Using CO

2014 ◽  
Vol 1004-1005 ◽  
pp. 703-706
Author(s):  
Xiao Yi Shen ◽  
Hong Mei Shao ◽  
Zhi Meng Wang ◽  
Yu Chun Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Material Thickness

Na2SO4 solution that was obtained from ZnSO4 solution after Zn2+ precipitation using Na2CO3 was used as raw material. The Na2SO4·7H2O crystallization was obtained through cooling the Na2SO4 solution, and then the solution was cycled. The Na2SO4·7H2O was dried and then put into a porcelain boat located in a roaster. When the reaction between Na2SO4 and CO ended, the Na2S was obtained. The influences of reaction temperature, reaction time and material thickness on the conversion rate were discussed. The appropriate reaction conditions were reaction temperature 675°C, reaction time 120min and material thickness less than 4cm.

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical Analysis of artisanal and industrialized Minas Frescal cheese commercialized in Londrina-PR

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiara Ramos Ricardo ◽  
Marly Sayuri Katsuda ◽  
Luciana Fulaneto Maia ◽  
Lorena Fernandes Abrantes ◽  
Leila Matsunaga Oshiro
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Income Source ◽  
Family Farmers ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Small Producers ◽  
Cheese Production

<p>The artisan cheese production is an important income source for family farmers, however the lack of standardization and negligence in the preparation of the product generates a low quality cheese. The production of cheese of good quality finds some obstacles, because milk does not contribute in many ways to ensure the characteristics of the product. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of 20 Minas Frescal cheeses, of which 10 samples were artisanal and 10 have industrial production. The handmade cheeses were sold in street markets and all the samples had no labeling and sanitary inspection seal. The industrialized were obtained in supermarkets, all the 20 samples were acquired in Londrina-PR. The analyses performed were &nbsp;moisture, fat (d.b.), pH and acidity. The fat analysis showed that 50% of samples from artisanal cheeses and 40% of industrialized ones violate the current laws. The pH of artisanal cheese samples ranged between 5.2 and 6.7 and the acidity ranged between 0.06 and 2.41%. The variation in acidity showed that the cheeses are made without standard and quality control of raw material. In industrialized cheeses the pH ranged between 5.3 and 6.5 and acidity between 0.2 and 1.4%. With this work we concluded that the small producers and industries do not pay attention to physico-chemical parameters essential to the quality of the cheese.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v2i2.48</p>

The Study on the Optimum Technological Conditions of the Fermentation of Phyllanthus emblica L. Liquor and the Variation of Contents of Nutrient Elements

2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Min Jie Li ◽  
Ya Xiong ◽  
Ying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Orthogonal Test ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
Phyllanthus Emblica ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Fermentation Temperature ◽  
Main Factors

This paper studied the optimum technological parameters of the liquor which was fermented by using Phyllanthus emblica L. which was from Panzhihua Dry-hot valley as raw material and the variation of contents of nutrient elements during the process of fermentation. Adopted the orthogonal test to analyze the main factors and decided the optimum technological parameters, adopted Atomic absorption spectrometry to detect the contents of nutrient elements during the process of fermentation. The results demonstrated that when the volume of juice is 70%, the contents of SO2 is 60 mg•kg-1, the amount of yeast is 0.6%, and the fermentation temperature is 22°C, the concentration of alcohol can reach to 7.6%, which is the highest among the 9 test groups. The temperature is the most important factor, and the next is the volume of juice, the content of SO2 affected little. During the process of fermentation, the proportion of most of the nutrient elements exceeded 50%, and a large part of the nutrient elements such as Ca, Cu, Fe etc. was reserved.

Optimizing Alkali Pretreatment of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Ethanol Production by Application of Response Surface Methodology

2012 ◽  
Vol 622-623 ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sairudee Duangwang ◽  
Chayanoot Sangwichien
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Alkali Pretreatment

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is a potential source of cellulose which can serve as a promising raw material for the production of ethanol. The increasing interest on use of lignocellulosic waste for bioconversion to fuels and chemicals are justifiable as these materials are low cost, renewable and widespread sources of sugars. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of NaOH concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time for alkali pretreatment to increase the amount of cellulose for hydrolysis to achieve high glucose yield. Batch reactions were carried out under various reaction temperature, reaction time and NaOH concentration. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was followed to optimize the alkali pretreatment in order to obtain high amount of cellulose (%). The optimum reaction temperature, reaction time and NaOH concentration were found to be 130 ˚c, 40 min and 15% (w/v), respectively. The maximum value of cellulose was obtained 68.8% by using the above condition. 19.96 g/L glucose was achieved when reaction was carried out at 130 ˚c for time period of 90 min when 6% (w/v) of H2SO4 concentration maintained.

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