scholarly journals Trade-offs between multiple ecosystem services in UK and US salt marshes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kate Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Grazing Impacts ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Negative Effect

Salt marshes supply vital ecosystem services (ES), providing material goods and recreation space, regulating natural hazards, and supporting diverse wildlife. However, increases in the utilisation of one ES can lead to reductions or ‘trade-offs’ in others. Because salt marshes are commonly used for grazing livestock, it is important to understand how this grazing impacts the saltmarsh ecosystem, and the consequences for ES supply. This thesis (i) uses a global meta-analysis to investigate the effects of livestock grazing on saltmarsh properties, and finds multiple significant changes to soil, vegetation and fauna properties. The meta-analysis reveals that the response of soil carbon is context dependent – there is no effect in Europe but a reduction in the Americas. (ii) Extensive surveys of soil carbon in grazed and ungrazed US marshes, controlling for key covariates, confirm that grazing trades-off against carbon storage in US marshes. These observational surveys, together with 18-month experimental exclusion of horses from a salt marsh in Georgia, show that grazing also disrupts the plant community in US marshes, but has little effect on resident invertebrates. (iii) Focussing on bees in salt marshes, a three-year study in south Wales, UK shows that grazing trades-off against bee habitat by reducing the flower cover of two key food plants, and that increases in plant diversity with grazing do not compensate for this negative effect. (iv) Spatial analyses of seven saltmarsh ES supplied by an estuary complex in south Wales show that marshes are not achieving their potential as a bee habitat here, due to the predominance of grazing. These analyses also show that the provision of ES by salt marshes is spatially heterogeneous, dependent on management, size and location. As a whole, this thesis adds to the understanding of grazer impacts and ES trade-offs, and supplies crucial data to support evidence-based management of salt marshes.

scholarly journals Vegetation responses and trade‐offs with soil‐related ecosystem services after shrub removal: A meta‐analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1219-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefani Daryanto ◽  
Lixin Wang ◽  
Bojie Fu ◽  
Wenwu Zhao ◽  
Shuai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Vegetation Responses ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Soil carbon management in large-scale Earth system modelling: implications for crop yields and nitrogen leaching

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 745-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Olin ◽  
M. Lindeskog ◽  
T. A. M. Pugh ◽  
G. Schurgers ◽  
D. Wårlind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Nitrogen Leaching ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract. Croplands are vital ecosystems for human well-being and provide important ecosystem services such as crop yields, retention of nitrogen and carbon storage. On large (regional to global)-scale levels, assessment of how these different services will vary in space and time, especially in response to cropland management, are scarce. We explore cropland management alternatives and the effect these can have on future C and N pools and fluxes using the land-use-enabled dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS (Lund–Potsdam–Jena General Ecosystem Simulator). Simulated crop production, cropland carbon storage, carbon sequestration and nitrogen leaching from croplands are evaluated and discussed. Compared to the version of LPJ-GUESS that does not include land-use dynamics, estimates of soil carbon stocks and nitrogen leaching from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems were improved. Our model experiments allow us to investigate trade-offs between these ecosystem services that can be provided from agricultural fields. These trade-offs are evaluated for current land use and climate and further explored for future conditions within the two future climate change scenarios, RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 2.6 and 8.5. Our results show that the potential for carbon sequestration due to typical cropland management practices such as no-till management and cover crops proposed in previous studies is not realised, globally or over larger climatic regions. Our results highlight important considerations to be made when modelling C–N interactions in agricultural ecosystems under future environmental change and the effects these have on terrestrial biogeochemical cycles.

REVIEW: Do polycultures promote win-wins or trade-offs in agricultural ecosystem services? A meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1593-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron L. Iverson ◽  
Linda E. Marín ◽  
Katherine K. Ennis ◽  
David J. Gonthier ◽  
Benjamin T. Connor-Barrie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Ecosystem ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Livestock grazing alters multiple ecosystem properties and services in salt marshes: a meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1395-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate E. Davidson ◽  
Mike S. Fowler ◽  
Martin W. Skov ◽  
Stefan H. Doerr ◽  
Nicola Beaumont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Ecosystem Properties

scholarly journals Agroforestry delivers a win-win solution for ecosystem services in sub-Saharan Africa. A meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shem Kuyah ◽  
Cory W. Whitney ◽  
Mattias Jonsson ◽  
Gudeta W. Sileshi ◽  
Ingrid Öborn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Woody Perennials ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Agroforestry Practices

Abstract Agricultural landscapes are increasingly being managed with the aim of enhancing the provisioning of multiple ecosystem services and sustainability of production systems. However, agricultural management that maximizes provisioning ecosystem services can often reduce both regulating and maintenance services. We hypothesized that agroforestry reduces trade-offs between provisioning and regulating/maintenance services. We conducted a quantitative synthesis of studies carried out in sub-Saharan Africa focusing on crop yield (as an indicator of provisioning services), soil fertility, erosion control, and water regulation (as indicators of regulating/maintenance services). A total of 1106 observations were extracted from 126 peer-reviewed publications that fulfilled the selection criteria for meta-analysis of studies comparing agroforestry and non-agroforestry practices (hereafter control) in sub-Saharan Africa. Across ecological conditions, agroforestry significantly increased crop yield, total soil nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and available phosphorus compared to the control. Agroforestry practices also reduced runoff and soil loss and improved infiltration rates and soil moisture content. No significant differences were detected between the different ecological conditions, management regimes, and types of woody perennials for any of the ecosystem services. Main trade-offs included low available phosphorus and low soil moisture against higher crop yield. This is the first meta-analysis that shows that, on average, agroforestry systems in sub-Saharan Africa increase crop yield while maintaining delivery of regulating/maintenance ecosystem services. We also demonstrate how woody perennials have been managed in agricultural landscapes to provide multiple ecosystem services without sacrificing crop productivity. This is important in rural livelihoods where the range of ecosystem services conveys benefits in terms of food security and resilience to environmental shocks.

Methodology for assessing optimal rates of pasture improvement in the high rainfall temperate pasture zone

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Behrendt ◽  
O. Cacho ◽  
J. M. Scott ◽  
R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Efficient Frontier ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Research Station ◽  
High Input ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact

Pasture improvement is a well-established technology for increasing production in extensive livestock grazing industries by changing pasture composition and increasing soil fertility. The Cicerone Project farmlets located at Chiswick Research Station, near Armidale in New South Wales, are providing valuable information at a credible scale on the response to 3 different management systems varying in levels of inputs and grazing management. The purpose of this paper is to outline a methodology for assessing farmlet performance in such studies. The assessment focuses on the stochastic efficiency of the different treatments. The impact of pasture persistence, climatic risk, and stochastic commodity prices on optimal rates of farm development are explored by using preliminary data from the Cicerone farmlets to calibrate the GrassGro model. The farmlets modelled represent 2 technology packages. One is a moderate-input package and the other is a high-input package. Preliminary analysis indicates that direct comparison of the 2 farmlets may produce the wrong assessment, because 1 farmlet is operating at a suboptimal level of efficiency in a stochastic sense. This means that direct comparisons of technologies based on the field data may be biased as the technologies should be evaluated at the risk-efficient frontier. The concept of a risk efficient frontier is explained and applied to aid in identifying the trade-offs between profit and risk, and identify differences in the efficiency of the 2 farmlets.

scholarly journals A global meta-analysis of livestock grazing impacts on soil properties

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0236638
Author(s):  
Liming Lai ◽  
Sandeep Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Grazing Impacts

scholarly journals Integrating Ecosystem Services and Human Demand for a New Ecosystem Management Approach: A Case Study from the Giant Panda World Heritage Site

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Fu ◽  
Pei Xu ◽  
Yukuan Wang ◽  
Yingman Guo
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Ecosystem Management ◽  
Giant Panda ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Trade Offs

Ecological management based on the ecosystem approach promotes ecological protection and the sustainable use of natural resources. We developed a quantitative approach to identify the ecological function zones at the country-scale, through integrating supply and demand of ecosystem services. We selected the biologically diverse hotspot of Baoxing County, which forms a part of the Sichuan Giant Panda World Heritage Site, to explore the integration of ecosystem services supply and demand for ecosystem management. Specifically, we assessed the various support, provision, regulating, and cultural services as classified by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. We applied the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs) model to spatially map habitat quality, water retention, and carbon sinks, and used statistical data to evaluate food products, animal husbandry, and product supply services. We then quantified the demands for these services in terms of population, protected species, hydropower, water, and land use. The relationship between areas of supply and areas of demand was discussed for each township, and the spatial variability in the supply–demand relationship was also considered. As a result, we spatially divided the county into six ecological functional areas, and the linkages between each region were comprehensively discussed. This study thus provides a detailed methodology for the successful implementation of an ecosystem management framework on a county-scale based on the spatial partitioning of supply and demand.

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