scholarly journals Development of Preclinical Biomarkers Predictive of Safety of Vaginal Microbicides for the Prevention of HIV

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Mohak Mhatre
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Vaginal Microbicides ◽  
Safety Testing ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Topical Microbicides ◽  
Microbicide Development ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted predominantly through sexual intercourse. Research suggeststhat the vaginal epithelium acts as a barrier to HIV transmission, but this epithelium can be disrupted, leading toHIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections. Topical microbicides are considered an effective strategy forHIV prevention, and several candidate drugs are currently in clinical trials. However, significant concerns about drugadherence, efficacy, and safety must be addressed in order to develop a safe and effective microbicide. This paper willprovide an overview of the field and strategies to overcome some of the obstacles facing microbicide development,and briefly discuss a research project that focused on one aspect of preclinical microbicide safety testing.

scholarly journals The Efficacy and Safety of Topical Microbicide Gels to Prevent Sexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Gillies-Podgorecki ◽  
Sarah van Gaalen ◽  
Tiba Abdulwahid ◽  
Marissa Becker ◽  
Mê-Linh Lê ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Topical Microbicides ◽  
Topical Microbicide ◽  
Microbicide Gels

Abstract Background: Topical microbicide gels are a potential method to reduce sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, especially in women. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of topical microbicides to prevent HIV transmission have yielded promising results, however trial results have been inconsistent. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of topical microbicide gels to prevent HIV transmission.Methods: We conducted meta-analyses, stratified by microbicide gel type, using a random-effects model. We included 25 RCTs that met the inclusion criteria: 13 RCTs examined gel efficacy during heterosexual contact, and an additional 12 trials reported on gel acceptability, participants’ adherence to intervention, and adverse reactions (allergic reaction and pain). Results: With this limited data, topical microbicide gels were not found to be significantly better than placebo in preventing HIV infection (risk ratio (RR) 0.93, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.04; I2 14%; 13 trials; 31,764 participants). It should be noted that low adherence rates were frequently reported within trials. In one trial with high participant adherence (>70%) to intervention, there was a significant protective effect of gels (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.93; 889 participants). While measures of acceptability and adherence to intervention were similar between groups, administration of topical microbicides were associated with an increased incidence of pain at the application site (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.36, I2 0%, 15 trials, 19,554 participants).Conclusions: In conclusion, efficacy of topical microbicide gels may relate to baseline risk and compliance with the intervention. In the general population it is not associated with protection from sexually transmitted HIV infection.

scholarly journals Current Issues and Considerations Regarding Trichomoniasis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in African-Americans

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shira C. Shafir ◽  
Frank J. Sorvillo ◽  
Lisa Smith
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
African American Community ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Level ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

SUMMARY Trichomonas vaginalis has long been recognized as one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections. However, it is only in recent years that it has been appreciated that Trichomonas may play a critical role in amplifying human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Given the evidence that T. vaginalis likely promotes HIV infection, the apparent high level of Trichomonas infection in the African-American community is cause for concern. Even if T. vaginalis increases the risk of HIV transmission by a small or modest amount, it translates into a sizable population effect since Trichomonas is so common in this community. Therefore, control of trichomoniasis may represent an important avenue of control for the prevention of HIV transmission, particularly among African-Americans.

Guidelines for the prevention of HIV transmission in the podiatric medical practice

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 428-433
Author(s):  
R Cope
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Infection Control Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Us ◽  
Practice Implementation ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the US has increased over the past decade. This increase has effected concern regarding the risks of HIV infection within the podiatric medical practice. Implementation of an effective infection control program for blood-borne pathogens within the podiatric medical practice can minimize such risks.

scholarly journals Vaginal Microbicides for the Prevention of HIV Transmission

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Malcolm ◽  
David Woolfson ◽  
Clare Toner ◽  
Deborah Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Vaginal Microbicides ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

scholarly journals Outcomes of prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Dina Muktiarti ◽  
Nia Kurniati ◽  
Arwin Akib ◽  
Zakiudin Munasir
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Pmtct Program ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionis increasing worldwide. One foute of HIV transmission is frommother to child, during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding.Prevention of mother􀁂to􀁂child transmission may be an effectivestrategy to reduce the cases of new HIV infections.Objectives To investigate the incidence of HIV infection ininfants born to mothers with HIV and who received prophylactictherapy at birth, as well as to note the outcomes of HIVinfectedchildren in this program.Methods This retrospective study was carried out over a 9􀁂yearperiod, from January 20 03 to December 2011. The participantswere HIVexposed infants who attended the HIV clinic, at theDepartment of Child Health, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital,Jakarta. Infants were treated according to the prevention ofmother􀁂to􀁂child transmission (PMTCT) protocol at CMH.Parents' and infants' data was recorded. The end point of thisstudy was recording of HIVinfection status in the infants.Results There were 238 infants included in this study. HIVinfection was confirmed in 6 (2.5%) infants, while 170 (71.4%)subjects were uninfected, and 62 (26.1%) subjects were lostto follow􀁂up. No subjects who underwent complete PMTCTmanagement were infected. Most subjects were male, full􀁂tenn,and delivered by caesarean section in our hospital. The mostfrequently observed parental risk factor was intravenous druguse. Maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) was given duringpregnancy in most cases. Morbidities in all subjects were low.Conclusion The PMTCT program at CMH was effective forreducing the number ofHIVinfected infants from mothers withHIY. [Paediatrlndanes. 2012;52:294-9]. 

scholarly journals Women, Contraception and STDs Including HIV

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 373-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
E M Carlin ◽  
F C Boag
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancy ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Western World ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Acquisition ◽  
The Relationship

Summary: It is estimated that eight million women are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. Heterosexual transmission is the predominant mode of HIV transmission on a global basis and is becoming increasingly important in the Western world. Women have long used contraceptives as a means of protection against an unwanted pregnancy, some of which may also protect against sexually transmitted disease (STD) including HIV. We review the relationship between contraceptive methods and STD acquisition and transmission; HIV acquisition and transmission; and the implications of contraceptive use, particularly regarding disease progression, in those women who are already infected with the virus. It is important for all women that protection against both unwanted pregnancy and HIV acquisition and transmission are considered together and not in isolation as nowhere is the argument for a broad based multi-disciplinary approach more cogent.

scholarly journals Two Novel Vaginal Microbicides (Polystyrene Sulfonate and Cellulose Sulfate) Inhibit Gardnerella vaginalis and Anaerobes Commonly Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 2692-2695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose A. Simoes ◽  
Diane M. Citron ◽  
Alla Aroutcheva ◽  
Robert A. Anderson ◽  
Calvin J. Chany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽  
Polystyrene Sulfonate ◽  
Cellulose Sulfate ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Vaginal Microbicides ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT This is the first report demonstrating the in vitro inhibitory activity of two novel microbicides (cellulose sulfate and polystyrene sulfonate) against bacterial vaginosis (BV)-associated bacteria. Vaginal application of these microbicides not only may reduce the risk of acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infection-causing organisms but may also decrease the incidence of BV.

Women, contraception and HIV

1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (25) ◽  
pp. 97-98
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Disease ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Barrier Methods ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Transmission To Women

Sexual intercourse brings with it the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease (STD), which might include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many women involved in penetrative sex will use some form of contraception and while barrier methods offer some protection against HIV infection, other methods might increase the risk. This article looks at how different methods of contraception affect the risk of HIV transmission to women.

scholarly journals Topical Microbicides for the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl c) ◽  
pp. 41C-48C ◽  
Author(s):  
André Désormeaux ◽  
Rabeea F Omar ◽  
Michel G Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Topical Microbicides ◽  
Health Organization

The development of novel compounds to reduce the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes and other pathogens causing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has become a topic of great interest. Condom use is the only readily available measure to reduce successfully the propagation of these infectious agents. To reduce significantly the probability of acquiring infection, condoms should be used during all risky sexual intercourse. More attention is being given to female-controlled methods for the prevention of HIV infection because many women are unable to negotiate condom use with their sexual partners. The development of topical microbicides constitutes one of the most priori tized research areas in the field of prevention of STDs/HIV for the World Health Organization, the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Because the number of women infected with HIV, herpes and other pathogens causing STDs is growing dramatically worldwide, there is an urgent need to develop innovative preventive measures that can reduce the transmission of these pathogens with minimal mucosa! irritation, and minimal effects on the vaginal flora and pH. Some of the existing products as well as promising new topical microbicicles for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections are reviewed.

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