scholarly journals Salmon Conservation Under Changing Conditions and with Freshwater-marine Carryover Effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Gosselin ◽  
Lisa Crozier ◽  
Brian Burke ◽  
Eric Buhle
Keyword(s):  
Carryover Effects

scholarly journals Carryover effects of potassium supplementation on calcium homeostasis in dairy cows at parturition

2010 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 2119-2129 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Bhanugopan ◽  
W.J. Fulkerson ◽  
D.R. Fraser ◽  
M. Hyde ◽  
D.M. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Calcium Homeostasis ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Potassium Supplementation

Influence of method of conservation of lucerne on factors associated with voluntary intake in sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
MO Etheridge ◽  
CR Stockdale ◽  
PD Cranwell
Keyword(s):  
Oral Intake ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Daily Oral Intake ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Voluntary Intake

This experiment measured the voluntary intake and rate of eating of sheep fed lucerne (Medicago sativa) that had been conserved as sun-dried material or as silage at 3 different DM contents (29.2, 33.1, and 51.2%). Changes in rumen osmolality and palatability due to diet were measured. Palatability was assessed by introducing feed directly into the rumen and measuring the subsequent oral intake. Eight sheep with rumen fistulae were used in two 4 x 4 latin squares, which allowed for adjustment for carryover effects. There was no significant (P<0.05) difference between voluntary intakes of lucerne conserved as sundried material and as silages of various DM contents (mean intake 1189 g DM/day). The lack of difference in intake was attributed to the high quality of fermentation of the silages. Rate of eating was also generally similar for all diets. Evidence from measurements of palatability and rumen osmolality support these observations. Palatability appeared not to influence the voluntary intake of any of the diets, because the sheep reduced their daily oral intake by an amount similar to that introduced into the rumen. Under normal feeding conditions, rumen osmolality was also similar for all feeds and was relatively consistent for the 9 h immediately after the start of feeding. While rumen osmolality per se may affect voluntary intake, the lack of response reported here for changes in osmolality due to diet support the lack of response reported for feed consumption.

scholarly journals Carryover effects of larval exposure to different environmental bacteria drive adult trait variation in a mosquito vector

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. e1700585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura B. Dickson ◽  
Davy Jiolle ◽  
Guillaume Minard ◽  
Isabelle Moltini-Conclois ◽  
Stevenn Volant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Environmental Bacteria

scholarly journals On MSE-Optimal Circular Crossover Designs

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Neumann ◽  
J. Kunert
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Crossover Designs ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Circular Structure ◽  
Balanced Designs ◽  
Preceding Period ◽  
The Mean

AbstractIn crossover designs, each subject receives a series of treatments, one after the other in p consecutive periods. There is concern that the measurement of a subject at a given period might be influenced not only by the direct effect of the current treatment but also by a carryover effect of the treatment applied in the preceding period. Sometimes, the periods of a crossover design are arranged in a circular structure. Before the first period of the experiment itself, there is a run-in period, in which each subject receives the treatment it will receive again in the last period. No measurements are taken during the run-in period. We consider the estimate for direct effects of treatments which is not corrected for carryover effects. If there are carryover effects, this uncorrected estimate will be biased. In that situation, the quality of the estimate can be measured by the mean square error, the sum of the squared bias and the variance. We determine MSE-optimal designs, that is, designs for which the mean square error is as small as possible. Since the optimal design will in general depend on the size of the carryover effects, we also determine the efficiency of some designs compared to the locally optimal design. It turns out that circular neighbour-balanced designs are highly efficient.

Nonrobustness of the Carryover Effects of Small Classes in Project STAR

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Kitae Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Effective Schools ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Student Characteristics ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Teacher Aides ◽  
Ineffective Schools ◽  
Regular Classes

Background Class size reduction (CSR) is an enduring school reform undertaken in an effort to improve academic achievement and has been widely encouraged in the United States. Supporters of CSR often cite the positive contemporaneous and carryover effects of Project STAR. Much has been discussed regarding the robustness of the contemporaneous effects but not regarding that of the carryover effects. Purpose This article checks the robustness of the carryover effects of STAR's small classes. Setting STAR was undertaken in 75–79 schools in Tennessee. Participants: Each year in the experimental period, 6,000–7,000 students in grades K–3 participated in the experiment, for a total of 12,000 students during the entire period. Intervention As students initially entered STAR schools, they were (arguably) randomly assigned to small classes with 13–17 students, regular classes with 22–25 students without teacher aides, and regular classes with 22–25 students with teacher aides. The experiment was performed from 1985 through 1989, but information on STAR students continued to be collected thereafter. Research Design STAR is a randomized controlled field experiment. Data Analysis In this article, STAR schools are divided into “effective” schools and “ineffective” schools. Effective schools are defined as schools where the test scores of students in small classes were statistically significantly higher than those of students in regular classes at the 5% level in both math and reading. By contrast, ineffective schools are defined as schools where the test scores of students in small classes were not statistically significantly higher than those of students in regular classes at the 5% level in either math or reading. Separately for effective schools, schools other than effective schools, and ineffective schools, the academic achievement of students is regressed on variables indicating small class assignment, along with student characteristics and school-by-entry wave fixed effects. Findings The carryover effects of CSR are not robust; they are driven mostly by effective schools, which account for at most a quarter of STAR schools. During this investigation, it is revealed that, in contrast to the protocol of randomization, observable student characteristics in these schools are not randomly distributed between small and regular classes. They are instead distributed in such a way as to increase the academic achievement of students in small classes and decrease that of students in regular classes. Recommendations Caution is recommended when citing the positive carryover effects of S TAR.

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