scholarly journals Competitive Interactions between Natural Populations of Pink and Chum Salmon from Puget Sound and Coastal Washington, USA

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-125
Author(s):  
Marisa Litz ◽  
Aaron Dufault ◽  
Andrew Claiborne ◽  
James Losee ◽  
Tyler Garber
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Competitive Interactions

scholarly journals Network Analysis of Linkage Disequilibrium Reveals Genome Architecture in Chum Salmon

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1553-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett McKinney ◽  
Megan V. McPhee ◽  
Carita Pascal ◽  
James E. Seeb ◽  
Lisa W. Seeb
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Population Substructure ◽  
Chromosome Inversion ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
Chromosome Inversions

Many studies exclude loci that exhibit linkage disequilibrium (LD); however, high LD can signal reduced recombination around genomic features such as chromosome inversions or sex-determining regions. Chromosome inversions and sex-determining regions are often involved in adaptation, allowing for the inheritance of co-adapted gene complexes and for the resolution of sexually antagonistic selection through sex-specific partitioning of genetic variants. Genomic features such as these can escape detection when loci with LD are removed; in addition, failing to account for these features can introduce bias to analyses. We examined patterns of LD using network analysis to identify an overlapping chromosome inversion and sex-determining region in chum salmon. The signal of the inversion was strong enough to show up as false population substructure when the entire dataset was analyzed, while the effect of the sex-determining region on population structure was only obvious after restricting analysis to the sex chromosome. Understanding the extent and geographic distribution of inversions is now a critically important part of genetic analyses of natural populations. Our results highlight the importance of analyzing and understanding patterns of LD in genomic dataset and the perils of excluding or ignoring loci exhibiting LD. Blindly excluding loci in LD would have prevented detection of the sex-determining region and chromosome inversion while failing to understand the genomic features leading to high-LD could have resulted in false interpretations of population structure.

Size Selective Predation by Juvenile Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) on Epibenthic Prey in Puget Sound

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1419-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Feller ◽  
Victor W. Kaczynski
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Prey Selection ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Harpacticoid Copepod ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Natural Diet ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Juvenile Chum Salmon

Analysis of gut contents shows that juvenile (30–50 mm) chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Puget Sound select epibenthic organisms as their primary prey. Harpacticoid copepods numerically comprised over 80% of their natural diet in two areas studied, while terrestrial insects and cladocerans were most important in a third area. Calculation of Ivlev (1961) electivity coefficients indicated high selectivity factors for harpacticoids at one site (+0.59 to +0.94). Comparison of fish gut contents with quantitative epibenthic pump samples of available prey shows that prey selection was size related, but opposite that currently reported in the literature (e.g. Brooks and Dodson 1965); that is, the smaller of the available prey was preferred. This was true for both the total available prey size spectrum and the harpacticoid copepod fraction of the prey spectrum. Large numbers of prey eaten per fish suggest that juvenile chum salmon may exert high predation pressure on nearshore epibenthic organisms in Puget Sound during spring.

Competition with odd-year pink salmon in the ocean affects natural populations of chum salmon from Washington

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MNC Litz ◽  
M Agha ◽  
AM Dufault ◽  
AM Claiborne ◽  
JP Losee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Natural Populations

Early Marine Mortality of Marked Juvenile Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Released into Hood Canal, Puget Sound, Washington, in 1980

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Bax
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Daily Mortality ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Hood Canal ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Juvenile Chum Salmon

The average daily loss in numbers from a group of fluorescently marked, hatchery-reared, juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) remaining in the nearshore zone following their release from the hatchery into southern Hood Canal, Washington State, was estimated at 38–49%. This estimated loss was then adjusted by the estimated maximum emigration of marked fish from the sampling area and the average daily mortality over a 2- and a 4-d time period estimated at between 31 and 46%. These estimates are an order of magnitude higher than estimates of the average daily mortality of naturally emigrating juvenile pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) from the Bella Coola River, British Columbia, over a 40-d time period (Parker 1968). The two studies are contrasted and it is suggested that daily mortality is highly variable over the 40 d subsequent to saltwater entry, with mortality higher initially, particularly for those fish remaining close to their point of saltwater entry.

scholarly journals Experimental evidence that belowground competition can influence the evolution of root traits in two closely related morning glory species

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara M. Colom ◽  
Regina S. Baucom
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Morning Glory ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Belowground Competition ◽  
Ipomoea Purpurea ◽  
Root Angle

AbstractAlthough root traits play a critical role in mediating plant-plant interactions and resource acquisition from the soil environment, research examining if and how belowground competition can influence the evolution of root traits remains largely unexplored. Here we examine the potential that root traits may evolve as a target of selection from interspecific competition using Ipomoea purpurea and I. hederacea, two closely related morning glory species that commonly co-occur in the United States. We show that belowground competitive interactions between the two species can alter the pattern of selection on root traits in each species. Specifically, competition with I. purpurea changes the pattern of selection on root angle in I. hederacea, and competitive interactions with I. hederacea changes the pattern of selection on root size in I. purpurea. However, we did not uncover evidence that intraspecific competition altered the pattern of selection on any root traits within I. hederacea. Overall, our results suggest that belowground competition between closely related species can influence the phenotypic evolution of root traits in natural populations. Our findings provide a microevolutionary perspective of how competitive belowground interactions may impact plant fitness, potentially leading to patterns of plant community structure.

scholarly journals Patterns of linkage disequilibrium reveal genome architecture in chum salmon

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett McKinney ◽  
Megan V. McPhee ◽  
Carita Pascal ◽  
James E. Seeb ◽  
Lisa W. Seeb
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Population Substructure ◽  
Chromosome Inversion ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
Chromosome Inversions ◽  
Sexually Antagonistic Selection ◽  
Gene Complexes

AbstractMany studies exclude loci exhibiting linkage disequilibrium (LD); however, high LD can signal reduced recombination around genomic features such as chromosome inversions or sex-determining regions. Chromosome inversions and sex-determining regions are often involved in adaptation, allowing for the inheritance of co-adapted gene complexes and for the resolution of sexually antagonistic selection through sex-specific partitioning of genetic variants. Genomic features such as these can escape detection when loci with LD are removed; in addition, failing to account for these features can introduce bias to analyses. We examined patterns of LD using network analysis to identify an overlapping chromosome inversion and sex-determining region in chum salmon. The signal of the inversion was strong enough to show up as false population substructure when the entire dataset was analyzed, while the signal of the sex-determining region was only obvious after restricting genetic analysis to the sex chromosome. Understanding the extent and geographic distribution of inversions is now a critically important part of genetic analyses of natural populations. The results of this study highlight the importance of analyzing and understanding patterns of LD in genomic dataset and the perils of ignoring or excluding loci exhibiting LD.

Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity

2003 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Song Sparrow ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Felis Concolor ◽  
Salmon Eggs ◽  
Lutra Canadensis ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Salmon Carcasses

<em>Abstract.</em>—During 1997–2000, chum salmon <em>Oncorhynchus keta </em>spawners and their predators and scavengers were observed in lower Kennedy Creek, a small south Puget Sound, Washington stream. Chum salmon occupy 5.2 km of main Kennedy Creek and a small tributary called Fiscus Creek. Spawning escapements within this stream averaged 39,000 fish annually during this study. Active spawning began in late October and was over by mid- December. Direct consumption of live and dead salmon was observed or inferred from animal signs over the spawning period. Salmon carcasses and tissue fragments could be found scattered along the streambed from October through March, and bones remained year round. Live spawners, carcass flesh, and eggs were consumed by 30 species of birds, mammals, invertebrates, and fungi, including 9 previously undocumented species. High carcass densities allowed selective feeding for some consumers and opportunistic feeding for others. Apparent preferences for eggs by several consumers suggested another important role for naturally spawning salmon. Varied thrush <em>Ixoreus naevius</em>, otter <em>Lutra canadensis</em>, and song sparrow <em>Melospiza melodia </em>showed preferences for salmon eggs, and a cougar <em>Felis concolor </em>killed live salmon and fed on them. Some consumers coordinate successive utilization of carcasses, such as the gull <em>Larus </em>spp., terrestrial beetle <em>Agyrtidae</em>, raccoon <em>Procyon lotor</em>, fly maggots, and mice. Water samples taken from the anadromous areas of these creeks and from the estuary in Totten Inlet showed elevated levels of dissolved ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite. Benefits to chum fry were inferred.

Trophic Analysis of Juvenile Pink and Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and O. keta) in Puget Sound

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1003-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. W. Kaczynski ◽  
R. J. Feller ◽  
J. Clayton ◽  
R. J. Gerke
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Harpacticoid Copepods ◽  
Trophic Analysis

Pink and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and O. keta) fry and Clarke–Bumpus plankton tows were collected from three beach areas in Puget Sound in spring 1970. Chum fry and benthic pump samples were taken in 1971. The diets of the young of the two species were similar. Epibenthic harpacticoid copepods were the chief prey of the chum and pink salmon (57 and 36%, respectively, in 1970). Distinct differences were apparent, the more notable being the preference for invertebrate eggs exhibited by the pinks and the higher preferences for small gammarid amphipods and harpacticoids exhibited by the chums. The stomach contents showed no resemblance to the plankton hauls taken in the same area. The onshore stage of development appears to be a distinct ecological stage in the life cycles of these species.

Mechanism and Occurrence of Focal Scale Resorption among Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) of the North Pacific Ocean

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Bigler
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
The North ◽  
Scale Characteristic ◽  
The North Pacific

A recently documented scale characteristic of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) originating from Hokkaido, Japan, has been found distributed almost exclusively among stocks of Asian origin. Scales from 10 544 chum salmon collected from 25 near-shore locations throughout the North Pacific Ocean were examined. Resorption of the scale focus, including instances where an easily visible hole had been formed, was found among 10.8% of Japanese chum salmon and 15.9% of chum salmon originating from the Soviet Union. In North America, this trait was infrequent (< 0.5%) among populations north of the Aleutian Islands, British Columbia, and Puget Sound, and was not found in Cook Inlet, Prince William Sound, and Southeast Alaska. Focal scale resorption arises from osteoclastic cellular activity, most likely following the first winter of life, and remains as a permanent mark thereafter. This unique, uniformly occurring, easily identifiable scale characteristic will provide a valuable tool for stock identification. Evidence of focal scale resorption is also reported in sockeye (O. nerka), coho (O. kisutch), and king salmon (O. tshawytscha), but was not found in pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), sampled from locations in Alaska.

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