New Process for Preparing Tire Tread Compounds Having Low Rolling Resistance

1982 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hirakawa ◽  
A. Ahagon
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Polybutadiene Rubber ◽  
New Process ◽  
Chlorobutyl Rubber ◽  
Very High ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract Two-stage mixing when applied to blends of Chlorobutyl Rubber (C1-IIR), Natural Rubber (NR), and Polybutadiene Rubber (BR), can produce tread compounds exhibiting a combination of very low hysteresis, good wet skid resistance, and good abrasion resistance. In the first stage, about half the raw rubber, including all C1-IIR and BR, is mixed with most of the carbon black to form a very high carbon black stock. In the second stage, the first-stage stock is diluted with the remaining NR. Curatives, etc., are added on the mill. Tests on radial tires for automobiles confirm the advantages of the two-stage mixed tri-rubber blend tread compounds.

Magnesium Silicate Filler in Rubber Tread Compounds

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis González Hernández ◽  
Luis M. Ibarra Rueda ◽  
Celia Chamorro Antón
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Silane Coupling Agent ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Magnesium Silicate ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract The natural magnesium silicate, sepiolite (trade name Pansil), can partially substitute (up to 30%) for carbon black without important losses in physical properties and occasionally can improve them. In the NR-based compounds, as the substitution takes place, vulcanization times and Mooney viscosities decrease. Tear and abrasion resistances are lower. The same effects are observed in the SBR-based compounds, though in this case, the addition of a silane coupling agent (Silane A-189) counteracts the negative effects of the sepiolite, and the obtained values are clearly better than those with only carbon black. According to tan δ behavior in truck tire tread compounds, this filler type gives a higher wet grip resistance, but rolling resistance would be adversely affected by its use, though the presence of a silane coupling agent diminishes these effects. On the contrary, in passenger tire tread compounds, the partial substitution for carbon black seems to increase the wet resistance too, without a pronounced damage in rolling resistance. In this case, the addition of the silane coupling agent produces an increase in wet skid resistance and a decrease in rolling resistance. Based on laboratory tests, rolling resistance increases in all cases, mainly when the sepiolite was modified with silane. Wet skid resistance showed no variations. Clearly, it would be desirable to confirm our observations by an actual tire test.

Carbon—Silica Dual Phase Filler, a new Generation Reinforcing Agent for Rubber: Part IX. Application to Truck Tire Tread Compound

2001 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jiao Wang ◽  
Ping Zhang ◽  
Khaled Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Reinforcing Agent ◽  
Rubber Part ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract The application of carbon-silica dual phase fillers (CSDPF) to natural rubber compound was investigated. It was found that these new fillers give significantly better overall performances in comparison with the conventional fillers—carbon black and silica. In a typical truck-tread compound, due to its high polymer—filler interaction and lower filler—filler interaction, the CSDPF E shows a comparable laboratory abrasion resistance and more than 40% reduction in tan δ at 70 °C, a parameter for rolling resistance, compared to compound filled with its carbon black counterpart, N1 10. These properties can, to a certain degree, be further improved by the addition of a small amount of coupling agent, bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfane (TESPT). In the case of wet skid resistance measured using the British Portable Skid Tester, the data show that CSDPF gives better performance than the conventional fillers, with and without coupling agent.

scholarly journals An Efficient Two-Stage Sparse Representation Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 1651001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengyu Peng ◽  
Hong Cheng ◽  
Manchor Ko
Keyword(s):  
Sparse Representation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Linear Inverse Problems ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Concrete Realization ◽  
Representation Method ◽  
Scale Optimization ◽  
Very High

There are a large number of methods for solving under-determined linear inverse problems. For large-scale optimization problem, many of them have very high time complexity. We propose a new method called two-stage sparse representation (TSSR) to tackle it. We decompose the representing space of signals into two parts”, the measurement dictionary and the sparsifying basis. The dictionary is designed to obey or nearly obey the sub-Gaussian distribution. The signals are then encoded on the dictionary to obtain the training and testing coefficients individually in the first stage. Then, we design the basis based on the training coefficients to approach an identity matrix, and we apply sparse coding to the testing coefficients over the basis in the second stage. We verify that the projection of testing coefficients onto the basis is a good approximation of the original signals onto the representing space. Since the projection is conducted on a much sparser space, the runtime is greatly reduced. For concrete realization, we provide an instance for the proposed TSSR. Experiments on four biometric databases show that TSSR is effective compared to several classical methods for solving linear inverse problem.

Effect of Carbon Black Structures towards Heat Build-Up Measurements and its Dynamic Properties

2015 ◽  
Vol 1134 ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Ismail Rifdi Rizuan ◽  
Mohammad Azizol Abdul Wahab ◽  
Ahmad Zafir Romli
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Heat Build Up ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different carbon black structures towards heat build-up measurements and its dynamic properties such as tangent delta, loss modulus and storage modulus on the industrial rubber compounds containing Natural Rubber (NR) and Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR). Different carbon black structures were used and characterised with respect to their rheological and physical properties. Heat Build-up test is a testing procedure which is used to measure the rate of heat generated by the rubber vulcanisates when subjected to rapidly oscillating compressive stresses or strain under controlled conditions. It was found that NR compound containing low and high carbon black structures; N375 and N339 produced lower heat generation compared to NR/SBR blends that filled with the same type of carbon black fillers. It shows that NR with low and high carbon black structures exhibits low heat build-up (surface and intrinsic) with a balance of good traction and low rolling resistance for application in tyre.

Two-Stage Constructed Wetland for Treating Hospital Wastewater in Nepal

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Laber ◽  
Raimund Haberl ◽  
Roshan Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
High Water ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Very High

To treat the wastewater of a hospital at Dhulikhel/Nepal, a two-stage constructed wetland was built with a settlement tank, a horizontal flow bed as first stage and a vertical flow bed as second stage. The plant is operated without electric power. The aim was the elimination of organic compounds, nitrification and a significant reduction of indicator bacteria. Different phases of operation (high and low water level within the soil profile, serial operation, one stage operation) were investigated, of which the serial operation with high water level in the horizontal flow bed and low water level in the vertical flow bed showed the best elimination performance. The areal removal rate constants (k-values) turned out to be very high (especially of the vertical flow bed) compared with literature values of other subsurface flow constructed wetlands. For the vertical flow bed kCOD was 0.22 m/d and kNH4-N was 0.85 m/d during serial operation. For kNH4-N a strong correlation with the hydraulic loading rate and the COD inlet concentration was found.

A New Carbon Black-Rubber Coupling Agent to Improve Wet Grip and Rolling Resistance of Tires

1996 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. González ◽  
A. Rodríguez ◽  
J. L. de Benito ◽  
A. Marcos
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Property ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
New Type ◽  
Wet Grip ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract The compound p-aminobenzenesulfonyl azide was developed as a new type of carbon black to rubber coupling agent. Its addition to rubber compounds increases resilience and moduli while reducing abrasion loss. The behavior of this coupling agent is confirmed by the dynamic mechanical response of the vulcanizates—the rubber Tg is shifted to higher temperatures. Rubber compositions containing this coupling agent may be used in tire treads to reduce rolling resistance and improve wet skid resistance. These attributes were estimated from dynamic property measurements.

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

BÖHLER K107

Alloy Digest ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Abrasive Wear Resistance ◽  
Tungsten Alloy ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Cold Work Tool Steel ◽  
Very High

Abstract Böhler K107 is a high-carbon (2.1%), 12% chromium. 0.7 % tungsten, alloy cold-work tool steel that is used in applications where a very high abrasive wear resistance is needed, but where demands on chipping resistance are small. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming and heat treating. Filing Code: TS-799. Producer or source: voestalpine Böhler Edelstahl GmbH&Co KG.

An Enhanced Two Stage MMSE Equalizer for Coded FBMC/OQAM Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rizk Assaf ◽  
Abdel-Nasser Assimi
Keyword(s):  
Error Propagation ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Error Correcting Codes ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Probability Of Error ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mmse Equalizer ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Ici Cancellation

In this article, the authors investigate the enhanced two stage MMSE (TS-MMSE) equalizer in bit-interleaved coded FBMC/OQAM system which gives a tradeoff between complexity and performance, since error correcting codes limits error propagation, so this allows the equalizer to remove not only ICI but also ISI in the second stage. The proposed equalizer has shown less design complexity compared to the other MMSE equalizers. The obtained results show that the probability of error is improved where SNR gain reaches 2 dB measured at BER compared with ICI cancellation for different types of modulation schemes and ITU Vehicular B channel model. Some simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed equalizer.

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