Effect of Material Properties on Tire Performance Characteristics — Part II, Tread Material

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Futamura
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Dynamic Property ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Maximum Correlation ◽  
Deformation Index

Abstract This report, on the effect of tread materials on tire performance, continues the study in Part I [1] on the analogous effects of cords. A new “deformation index” concept for the characterizing energy loss is proposed. Principles are developed for maximum correlation of this index to rolling resistance, wet and dry traction, ice traction, and cornering force. The deformation index is used to determine the dynamic property most relevant to each of these tire functions.

Effect of Material Properties on Tire Performance Characteristics—Part I. Tire Cords

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Futamura
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Automobile Tire ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Polyester Cord

Abstract The effect of modulus of tire cords in stabilizer and body plies on the performance of a radial automobile tire is discussed. Cord modulus was varied systematically by using polyester, rayon, and aramid materials. High speed, endurance, and plunger energy were not effected. Rolling resistance was higher with aramid cord than with polyester cord in the body ply, but there was no effect of cord material in stabilizer plies. Increase of cord modulus in the stabilizer ply, however, did produce significantly higher cornering coefficient. Wear resistance was also higher, especially under high severity test conditions.

PREDICTION AND SIMULATION OF TIRE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON DEFORMATION INDEX CONCEPT

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shingo Futamura ◽  
Arthur A. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Thermomechanical Analysis ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Deformation Index ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Prediction And Simulation ◽  
Fully Coupled

ABSTRACT Tire performances such as wear, traction, and rolling resistance have been explained by the hysteretic energy loss of tread compounds under cyclic deformations. Loss factor, tan δ, is often used as the property responsible for energy loss. However, dynamic modulus is also reported to affect energy loss and tire performance. In this review, the modulus effect on energy loss is related to the deformation type through the deformation index. The index can be determined experimentally based on tire performance data or analytically through finite element analysis (FEA). Deformation indices of passenger tire rolling resistance, wet traction, and dry traction were determined experimentally based on tire tests. Using FEA, the energy losses and deformation indices were calculated for all elements of a rolling truck tire. The indices vary widely depending on where the element is located. Deformation indices are summarized on a tire component basis and converted into an Excel spreadsheet. The spreadsheet can be used to compute rolling resistance changes arising from component compound substitutions. The deformation index concept is applied to thermomechanical analysis, where it simplifies the fully coupled iterative FEA method into a noniterative computational method. The novelty of this method is in its application to transient thermomechanical problems. The method's simplicity and accuracy are demonstrated using examples.

Analysis and Computation of Energy Loss in Radial Tires

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Chakko
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Simple Analytical Model ◽  
Automobile Tire ◽  
Parametric Studies

Abstract A comprehensive but simple analytical model for predicting the energy loss in radial tires is presented. Using approximate structural analysis, the model relates the basic material properties and construction variables of the tire to its energy loss or rolling resistance. The formulas developed were computer-programmed, and the tire rolling resistance and its distribution among the components of a typical radial automobile tire were computed. The significant contributions to rolling resistance were from tread compression, carcass cord extension and bending, and sidewall rubber bending. Parametric studies using the computer program were carried out to obtain the trends in rolling resistance due to changes in several tire material properties and construction variables. The computations also showed the existence of locally optimum values for the tread modulus, carcass cord modulus, and carcass cord end count which minimize the tire rolling resistance.

Total Tire Energy Loss Comparison by the Whole Tire Hysteresis and the Rolling Resistance Methods

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Hysteresis Loss ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Resistance Method

Abstract Energy loss per hour in a tire traveling at 80 km/h was obtained for a number of tires of different sizes and makes from the respective whole tire hysteresis loss of each tire. This loss value was then compared to the corresponding rolling loss obtained from the 1.7 m dynamometer rolling resistance method. The two methods agreed, indicating that the basic premise of the rolling resistance hysteresis ratio relation is valid.

Design of Low Rolling Resistance Tire Structure Based on Region Energy Loss

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-145
Author(s):  
Guolin Wang ◽  
Xu Wu ◽  
Chen Liang ◽  
Jian Yang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Rolling Resistance

Rolling Resistance Revisited

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-100
Author(s):  
Yi Li ◽  
Robert L. West
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Unit Distance ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Tire Forces ◽  
Hysteretic Loss ◽  
Definition Of

ABSTRACT Rolling resistance defined as energy loss per unit distance is well accepted by the tire science community. It is commonly believed that the dominant part of energy loss into heat is caused by the viscoelasticity of rubber compounds for a free-rolling tire. To calculate the rolling loss (hysteretic loss) into heat, a method based on tire forces and moments has been developed to ease required measurements in a lab or field. This paper points out that, by this method, the obtained energy loss is not entirely converted into heat because a portion of the consumed power is used to compensate mechanical work. Moreover, that part of power cannot be separated out by tire forces and moments–based experimental methods. The researchers and engineers have mistakenly ignored this point for a long time. The finding was demonstrated by a comparative analysis of a rigid, pure elastic, and viscoelastic rolling body. This research mathematically proved that rolling loss into heat is not resolvable in terms of tire forces and moments with their associated velocities. The finite element model of a free-rolling tire was further exercised to justify the concept. These findings prompt revisiting rolling resistance in a new way from the energy perspective. Moreover, an extended definition of rolling resistance is proposed and backward compatible with its traditional definition as a resistive force.

Rolling Resistance of a Nonpneumatic Tire Having a Porous Elastomer Composite Shear Band

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaehyung Ju ◽  
Mallikarjun Veeramurthy ◽  
Joshua D. Summers ◽  
Lonny Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Shear Band ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Porous Fiber ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Continuous Shear ◽  
Composite Shear

ABSTRACT The shear band is the critical component of a nonpneumatic tire (NPT) when determining the rolling resistance resulting from the elastomer's shear friction. In an effort to reduce the rolling resistance of an NPT, a shear band made of a porous, fiber-reinforced elastomer is explored. The porous shear band is designed to have the same effective shear modulus as the shear modulus of a continuous shear band. The originality of the study in this article is in the design of a flexible, porous solid for fuel efficiency of a tire structure by including a low viscoelastic energy loss material—a carbon fiber that partially replaces the volume of high viscoelastic energy loss material—polyurethane. To make the NPT structure remain flexible, porous volumes were included. Finite element (FE)–based numerical experiments with ABAQUS were conducted to quantify the reduced energy loss of an NPT using hyperelastic and viscoelastic material models. Load carrying capacity of the NPT with the designed porous shear band is also discussed.

Deformation Index–Based Modeling of Transient, Thermo-mechanical Rolling Resistance for a Nonpneumatic Tire

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Gibert ◽  
Balajee Ananthasayanam ◽  
Paul F. Joseph ◽  
Timothy B. Rhyne ◽  
Steven M. Cron
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Lumped Parameter Model ◽  
Structural Deformation ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Deformation Index

ABSTRACT When competing in performance with their pneumatic counterparts, nonpneumatic tires should have several critical features, such as low energy loss when rolling over obstacles, low mass, low stiffness, and low contact pressure. In recent years, a nonpneumatic tire design was proposed to address each of these critical issues [1]. In this study, the steady state and transient energy losses due to rolling resistance for the proposed nonpneumatic tire are considered. Typically, such an analysis is complex because of the coupling of temperature on the structural deformation and the viscoelastic energy dissipation, which requires an iterative procedure. However, researchers have proposed a simplified analysis by using the sensitivity of the tire's elastic response to changes in material stiffness through a deformation index [2–4]. In the current study, the method is exploited to its full potential for the nonpneumatic tire due to the relatively simple nature of deformation in the tire's flexible ring and the lack of several complicating features present in pneumatic tires, namely, a heated air cavity and the complex stress state due to its composite structure. In this article, two models were developed to predict the transient and steady-state temperature rise. The first is a finite element model based on the deformation index approach, which can account for thermo-mechanical details in the tire. Motivated by the simplicity of the thermo-behavior predicted by this finite element model, a simple lumped parameter model for temperature prediction at the center of the shear band was developed, which in many cases compares very well with the more detailed finite element approach due to the nature of the nonpneumatic tire. The finite element model can be used to, for example, explore the design space of the nonpneumatic tire to reach target temperatures by modifying heat transfer coefficients and/or material properties.

A Study on Minimum Rolling Resistance

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-233
Author(s):  
Timothy B. Rhyne ◽  
Steven M. Cron
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Pneumatic Tire ◽  
Radial Tire ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Analytical Expressions ◽  
Current Paradigm

ABSTRACT: Tire rolling resistance has been a topic of study since the invention of the pneumatic tire. There is currently a heightened interest in this topic because of the need to minimize fuel consumption of vehicles and the introduction of regulations regarding both the maximum allowable rolling resistance and consumer labeling for rolling resistance. The question arises as to how low tire rolling resistance can go. Tire energy loss can be written as the product of the material deformations, the volume of material deformed, and the loss property of the material. The last two terms of the energy loss equation will be considered fixed. This article concentrates on the deformation term. The current paradigm of the steel-belted radial tire is assumed. The minimum deformations required for the function of the tire are established, and the assumption is made that all other deformations are parasitic and can in theory be eliminated. Analytical expressions for the dominant necessary deformations are developed, and the functional relationship for minimum rolling resistance is determined. The functioning point required to reach the minimum rolling resistance is established. The functional relationships are compared with experimental data taken by the whole tire hysteresis method.

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