Whitening Efficacy of Chewing Gum Containing Sodium Metaphosphate on Coffee Stain: Placebo-controlled, Double-blind In Situ Examination

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-475
Author(s):  
S Makino ◽  
C Kawamoto ◽  
T Ikeda ◽  
T Doi ◽  
A Narise ◽  
...  

SUMMARY This study aimed to evaluate the ability of chewing gum containing sodium metaphosphate (SMP) to remove coffee stains from enamel in situ. This was a double-blind (subjects, evaluators), parallel-group, crossover, randomized clinical trial with 30 healthy adult volunteers. Each participant held an appliance with a hydroxyapatite (HA) pellet on the lower lingual side of his or her mouth for two hours to allow pellicle formation. The appliances were subsequently immersed in coffee solution at 37°C for 48 hours. The color of the HA pellet before and after coffee immersion was measured using a spectrophotometer. The participant set the appliance and chewed two pieces of test gum, which contained 7.5 mg of SMP per piece, or control gum without SMP. Each cycle included five minutes of exposure to chewing gum, after which the appliances were placed in 100% relative humidity at room temperature for a 30-minute incubation. This cycle was repeated five times for each gum type. The color of the HA pellet was measured after each chewing cycle using the spectrophotometer. In addition, ΔE* values, which indicate the change in pellet color after each chewing cycle compared with after coffee immersion, were calculated. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test with Bonferroni adjustment to compare ΔE* values of control and test gum after each chewing cycle. The ΔE* values of test gum were significantly higher than those of control gum after all chewing cycles, excluding the first cycle (p<0.05). This finding indicates that test gum containing SMP was more effective at removing coffee stains from the HA pellet than control gum. We conclude that chewing gum containing SMP can effectively remove coffee stains from HA pellets. Thus, SMP is a promising agent to be further explored in tooth-cleaning studies.

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-197
Author(s):  
Yasmin do Socorro Batista de Lima Gomes ◽  
Larissa Dias Alexandrino ◽  
Cecy Martins Silva ◽  
Thiago da Rosa Nogueira ◽  
Cristiane de Melo Alencar ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to use surface rugosity analysis (Ra) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) comparing effects of nano-hydroxyapatite (NANO), casein phosphopeptideamorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and NovaMin (NOVA) on enamel's human morphology bleached with 37.5% hydrogen peroxide. Materials and methods Forty specimens (3 × 3 × 3 mm) were obtained from fully included third molars and four specimens were attached in the first molars of the volunteers. The POLApositive control has only been bleached. Three experimental groups were bleached and treated with respective bioactive: NANO, CPP-ACP, and NovaMin. The Ra analyses were performed before and after the treatment using a rugosimeter. The obtained photomicrographs were analyzed using SEM (n = 3) by three examiners, and the study was double blind. Results The Ra results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05). All experimental groups showed significant differences of the others; however, the experimental groups were not significantly different from each other. Conclusion The enamel morphology of the bioactive-treated groups had more regular surfaces, than the others. How to cite this article da Rosa Nogueira T, Alexandrino LD, de Lima Gomes YSB, de Melo Alencar C, Alves EB, Silva CM. An in situ evaluation of Bioactives on the morphology of bleached Enamel. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(3):192-197.


1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Dan C Dimmitt ◽  
Thomas L Hunt ◽  
Anthony J Spalitto ◽  
Michael B Cramer ◽  
Ajit K Shah ◽  
...  

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of dolasetron mesylate and its active metabolite hydrodolasetron when dolasetron mesylate was administered intravenously at increasing infusion rates. DESIGN: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. METHODS: Forty-nine healthy nonsmoking male volunteers were randomly assigned to receive intravenous doses of dolasetron mesylate 100 mg or placebo. Three groups of 16 subjects each (12 dolasetron mesylate, 4 placebo) received escalating infusion rates (50, 100, then 200 mg/min). Physical examinations, vital signs, laboratory tests, and adverse events were recorded before and after administration of the study drug. Serial blood samples and 12-lead electrocardiogram measurements were obtained for 24 hours after the infusion. Plasma samples were analyzed for dolasetron and hydrodolasetron. RESULTS Dolasetron mesylate was well tolerated, with no apparent differences in vital signs or adverse event profiles among the different rates of infusion. In general, the pharmacokinetics of dolasetron and hydrodolasetron were superimposable among the three infusion rate groups. Plasma dolasetron concentrations declined rapidly in all three infusion rate groups, with mean elimination half-life (t1/2) of less than 10 minutes. The reduced metabolite hydrodolasetron, which accounts for most pharmacologic activity, formed rapidly, with maximum concentrations occurring between 0.4 and 0.5 hours and disappeared with a mean t1/2 of 8–9 hours. The correlation coefficients of least-squares regression analysis between the pharmacokinetic parameters and the infusion rate of dolasetron were less than 0.083 and the slopes were not significantly different from 0, suggesting that none of the hydrodolasetron pharmacokinetic parameters were affected by rate of infusion. CONCLUSIONS The intravenous administration of dolasetron 100 mg over 0.5–2 minutes did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic profiles of either dolasetron or hydrodolasetron. In addition, the safety profile of dolasetron did not change with increasing rate of infusion. Therefore, the rate of infusion of dolasetron mesylate appears to have no pharmacokinetic or clinical implications when assessed over a 0.5- to 2-minute time period. OBJETIVO Evaluar la seguridad, tolerabilidad, y farmacocinética del dolasetrón mesilato y la de su metabolito activo hidrodolasetrón cuando se administra dolasetrón mesilato por vía intravenosa a una frecuencia de infusión creciente. DISEÑO Estudio a doble-ciego, controlado con placebo, y grupos paralelos. MÉTODO Cuarenta y nueve hombres voluntarios sanos no fumadores fueron asignados de forma aleatorizada para recibir el tratamiento intravenoso con la dosis de 100 mg de dolasetrón mesilato o con placebo. Tres grupos de 16 sujetos cada uno (12 tratados con dolasetrón mesilato y 4 con placebo) recibieron frecuencias de infusión crecientes (50, 100, y 300 mg/min). La exploración física, signos vitales, analítica de laboratorio, y efectos adversos se registraron antes y tras la administración del fármaco. Se tomaron muestras seriadas de sangre y se determinó el electrocardiograma de 12 derivaciones durante 24 horas tras la infusión. Se analizaron los niveles plasmáticos de dolasetrón y de hidrodolasetrón. RESULTADOS Dolasetrón mesilato fue bien tolerado sin diferencias aparentes en el perfil de los signos vitales o efectos adversos entre las diferentes frecuencias de infusión. En general la farmacocinética del dolasetrón e hidrodolasetrón resulte superponible entre los tres grupos de infusión. Las concentraciones plasmáticas de dolasetrón disminuyeron rápidamente en los tres grupos, con una vida media de eliminación (t1/2) inferior a 10 minutos. El metabolito reducido hidrodolasetrón que posee la mayor parte de la actividad aparece con rapidez, con una concentración máxima alcanzada entre 0.4 y 0.5 horas y desaparece con una t1/2 de 8 a 9 horas. El coeficiente de correlación (r) del análisis de regresión por mínimos cuadrados entre los parámetros farmacocinéticos y la frecuencia de infusión de dolasetrón, fue inferior a 0.083 y las pendientes no difirieron significativamente de cero, súgiriendo que ninguno de los parámetros farmacocinéticos de hidrodolasetrón resultó afectado por la frecuencia de infusión. CONCLUSIONES La administración intravenosa de 100 mg de dolasetrón entre 0.5 a 2 minutos no altera significativamente el perfil farmacocinético del dolasetrón ni del hidrodolasetrón. Además, el perfil de seguridad del dolasetrón no cambia con el aumento de la frecuencia de infusión. Así pues, la frecuencia de infusión del dolasetrón mesilato parece carecer de implicaciones farmacocinéticas o clínicas cuando se administra en un período de tiempo comprendido entre 0.5 y 2 minutos.


2006 ◽  
Vol 85 (11) ◽  
pp. 1011-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Z. Abdullah ◽  
S.M. Strafford ◽  
S.J. Brookes ◽  
M.S. Duggal

Previous studies have concluded that copper might inhibit enamel demineralization in vitro. Our aim was to assess the effect of copper (Cu2+), with and without amine fluoride, on human dental enamel under cariogenic challenge in situ. In a double-blind randomized four-leg crossover trial, 14 individuals wore a removable appliance containing 2 enamel slabs, 1 containing an artificial caries lesion. During each leg, the appliance was exposed twice daily to one of the test solutions: 1.25 mM CuSO4, amine fluoride (250 ppm F), copper and amine fluoride combined, or a placebo (water). A cariogenic challenge was provided in all cases by 5 daily exposures to 10% sucrose. Slabs were assessed before and after 21 days’ exposure by Knoop microhardness and transverse microradiography. Significantly less demineralization was observed with Cu2+ and fluoride in combination than with fluoride treatment alone (p < 0.05), whereas copper alone had no significant protective effect.


2003 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.C. Reynolds ◽  
F. Cai ◽  
P. Shen ◽  
G.D. Walker

Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) nanocomplexes incorporated into sugar-free chewing gum have been shown to remineralize enamel subsurface lesions in situ. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of CPP-ACP, with that of other forms of calcium, to be retained in supragingival plaque and remineralize enamel subsurface lesions in situ when delivered in a mouthrinse or sugar-free gum in randomized, double-blind trials. In the mouthrinse study, only the CPP-ACP-containing mouthrinse significantly increased plaque calcium and inorganic phosphate levels, and the CPP were immunolocalized to the surfaces of bacterial cells as well as the intercellular matrix. In the chewing gum studies, the gum containing the CPP-ACP, although not containing the most calcium per piece of gum, produced the highest level of enamel remineralization independent of gum-chewing frequency and duration. The CPP could be detected in plaque extracts 3 hrs after subjects chewed the CPP-ACP-containing gum. The results showed that CPP-ACP were superior to other forms of calcium in remineralizing enamel subsurface lesions.


Author(s):  
Yvonne Jockel-Schneider ◽  
Ulrich Schlagenhauf ◽  
Hari Petsos ◽  
Stefan Rüttermann ◽  
Jana Schmidt ◽  
...  

Abstract Objectives To investigate plaque inhibition of 0.1% octenidine mouthwash (OCT) vs. placebo over 5 days in the absence of mechanical plaque control. Materials and methods For this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group, multi-center phase 3 study, 201 healthy adults were recruited. After baseline recording of plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI), collection of salivary samples, and dental prophylaxis, subjects were randomly assigned to OCT or placebo mouthwash in a 3:1 ratio. Rinsing was performed twice daily for 30 s. Colony forming units in saliva were determined before and after the first rinse. At day 5, PI, GI, and tooth discoloration index (DI) were assessed. Non-parametric van Elteren tests were applied with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results Treatment with OCT inhibited plaque formation more than treatment with placebo (PI: 0.36 vs. 1.29; p < 0.0001). OCT reduced GI (0.04 vs. placebo 0.00; p = 0.003) and salivary bacterial counts (2.73 vs. placebo 0.24 lgCFU/ml; p < 0.0001). Tooth discoloration was slightly higher under OCT (DI: 0.25 vs. placebo 0.00; p = 0.0011). Mild tongue staining and dysgeusia occurred. Conclusions OCT 0.1% mouthwash inhibits plaque formation over 5 days. It therefore can be recommended when regular oral hygiene is temporarily compromised. Clinical relevance When individual plaque control is compromised, rinsing with octenidine mouthwash is recommended to maintain healthy oral conditions while side effects are limited.


2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel ◽  
Richard J. Wierichs ◽  
Timo Schellwien ◽  
Sebastian Paris

The aim of this double-blind, randomized, cross-over in situ study was to compare the remineralizing effects induced by the application of casein phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate complexes (CPP-ACP)-containing cream (without fluoride) after the use of fluoride toothpaste with the prolonged use of fluoride toothpaste on enamel caries lesions in situ. During each of three experimental legs of 4 weeks, 13 participants wore intra-oral mandibular appliances with 8 pre-demineralized bovine enamel specimens in the vestibular flanges mimicking either ‘easily cleanable' or ‘proximal' surfaces (n = 312). The three randomly allocated treatments were as follows: (1) application of CPP-ACP-containing cream (GC Tooth Mouse, non-fluoride) after the use of fluoride toothpaste (1,400 ppm NaF; TM), (2) prolonged application of fluoride toothpaste (1,400 ppm NaF; positive control, PC) and (3) prolonged application of fluoride-free toothpaste (negative control, NC). Additionally, one of each of the two flanges was brushed twice daily with the respective toothpaste. The differences in integrated mineral loss as assessed by transversal microradiography were calculated between values before and after the in situ period. Changes in mineral loss were analysed for those pairs of subgroups differing in only one of the three factors (intervention, brushing and position). The PC treatment induced a significantly higher mineral gain compared with the TM and NC treatments. No significant differences between TM and NC for both positions were observed. In conclusion, the additional use of a CPP-ACP-containing cream seems to be less efficacious in remineralizing caries lesions than the prolonged application of fluoride toothpaste. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel


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