Influence of Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching Gels on Color, Opacity, and Fluorescence of Composite Resins

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 526-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
CRG Torres ◽  
CF Ribeiro ◽  
E Bresciani ◽  
AB Borges
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Composite Resins ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peroxide Bleaching ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Bleaching Gels ◽  
Bleaching Treatment

SUMMARY The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 20% and 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels on the color, opacity, and fluorescence of composite resins. Seven composite resin brands were tested and 30 specimens, 3-mm in diameter and 2-mm thick, of each material were fabricated, for a total of 210 specimens. The specimens of each tested material were divided into three subgroups (n=10) according to the bleaching therapy tested: 20% hydrogen peroxide gel, 35% hydroxide peroxide gel, and the control group. The baseline color, opacity, and fluorescence were assessed by spectrophotometry. Four 30-minute bleaching gel applications, two hours in total, were performed. The control group did not receive bleaching treatment and was stored in deionized water. Final assessments were performed, and data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (p<0.05). Color changes were significant for different tested bleaching therapies (p<0.0001), with the greatest color change observed for 35% hydrogen peroxide gel. No difference in opacity was detected for all analyzed parameters. Fluorescence changes were influenced by composite resin brand (p<0.0001) and bleaching therapy (p=0.0016) used. No significant differences in fluorescence between different bleaching gel concentrations were detected by Tukey test. The greatest fluorescence alteration was detected on the brand Z350. It was concluded that 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching gel generated the greatest color change among all evaluated materials. No statistical opacity changes were detected for all tested variables, and significant fluorescence changes were dependent on the material and bleaching therapy, regardless of the gel concentration.

scholarly journals Enamel Surface Changes After Exposure to Bleaching Gels Containing Carbamide Peroxide or Hydrogen Peroxide

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. E39-E47 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Cvikl ◽  
A Lussi ◽  
A Moritz ◽  
S Flury
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Enamel Surface ◽  
Carbamide Peroxide ◽  
Peroxide Bleaching ◽  
Bleaching Gels ◽  
Bleaching Treatment

SUMMARY Objective This study evaluated the differences in enamel color change, surface hardness, elastic modulus, and surface roughness between treatments with four bleaching gels containing carbamide peroxide (two at 10% and one each at 35%, and 45%) and two bleaching gels containing hydrogen peroxide (two at 40%). Methods Enamel specimens were bleached and color changes were measured. Color change was calculated using either ΔE or the Bleaching Index (BI). Then, surface hardness, elastic modulus, and surface roughness of the enamel specimens were evaluated. All measurements were performed at baseline and directly after the first bleaching treatment for all carbamide peroxide– and hydrogen peroxide–containing bleaching gels. In addition, final measurements were made 24 hours after each of a total of 10 bleaching treatments for carbamide peroxide bleaching gels, and 1 week after each of a total of three bleaching treatments for hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels. Results After the last bleaching treatment, respective ΔE scores were 17.6 and 8.2 for the two 10% carbamide peroxide gels, 12.9 and 5.6 for the 45% and 35% carbamide peroxide gels, and 9.6 and 13.9 for the two 40% hydrogen peroxide gels. The respective BI scores were −2.0 and −2.0 for the two 10% carbamide peroxide gels, −3.5 and −1.5 for the 45% and 35% carbamide peroxide gels, and −2.0 and −3.0 for the two 40% hydrogen peroxide gels. Each bleaching gel treatment resulted in significant whitening; however, no significant difference was found among the gels after the last bleaching. Whitening occurred within the first bleaching treatments and did not increase significantly during the remaining treatments. Surface hardness significantly decreased after the last bleaching treatment, when 10% carbamide peroxide was used. Furthermore, significant changes in the elastic modulus or surface roughness occurred only after treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide. Conclusion All six bleaching gels effectively bleached the enamel specimens independent of their concentration of peroxide. Gels with low peroxide concentration and longer contact time negatively affected the enamel surface.

Effects of pH Values of Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching Agents on Enamel Surface Properties

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 554-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Xu ◽  
Q Li ◽  
Y Wang
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Enamel Surface ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Peroxide Bleaching ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Ph Values

SUMMARY This study investigated the influence of pH values of bleaching agents on the properties of the enamel surface. Sixty freshly extracted premolars were embedded in epoxy resin and mesiodistally sectioned through the buccal aspect into two parts. The sectioned slabs were distributed among six groups (n=10) and treated using different solutions. Group HCl was treated with HCl solution (pH=3.0) and served as a positive control. Group DW, stored in distilled water (pH=7.0), served as a negative control. Four treatment groups were treated using 30% hydrogen peroxide solutions with different pH values: group HP3 (pH=3.0), group HP5 (pH=5.0), group HP7 (pH=7.0), and group HP8 (pH=8.0). The buccal slabs were subjected to spectrophotometric evaluations. Scanning electron microscopy investigation and Micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to evaluate enamel surface morphological and chemical composition alterations. pH value has a significant influence on the color changes after bleaching (p<0.001). Tukey's multiple comparisons revealed that the order of color changes was HP8, HP7>HP5, HP3>HCl>DW. No obvious morphological alterations were detected on the enamel surface in groups DW, HP7, and HP8. The enamel surface of groups HCl and HP3 showed significant alterations with an erosion appearance. No obvious chemical composition changes were detected with respect to Micro-Raman analysis. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that no obvious morphological or chemical composition alterations of enamel surface were detected in the neutral or alkaline bleaching solutions. Bleaching solutions with lower pH values could result in more significant erosion of enamel, which represented a slight whitening effect.

scholarly journals Influence of Simulated Pulpal Pressure on Efficacy of Bleaching Gels

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres ◽  
Graziela Ribeiro Batista ◽  
Alessandra Bühler Borges ◽  
Paula Tamião Arantes ◽  
Annette Wiegand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bleaching Gels ◽  
Bleaching Treatment

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of simulated pulpal pressure on efficacy of bleaching gels. Materials and methods Cylindrical enamel-dentin specimens from bovine teeth (3 mm diameter, enamel and dentin layer each 1 mm thick) were divided into 4 groups, according to the bleaching treatment: negative control (non-bleached), bleached with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP), bleached with 7.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide. Ten percent CP gel was applied for 8 h/day and 7.5% HP for 1 h/day, during 14 days. For 35% HP treatment, two sessions of 45 minutes each were employed. In intermediate periods specimens were stored in artificial saliva. Experimental groups (n = 19) were subdivided according to the simulation of pulpal pressure (25 mm Hg) during bleaching treatment. Initial color measurement and after bleaching treatment were assessed by spectrophotometry, using CIE L*a*b* system. The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Dunnett's posthoc tests (p < 0.05). Results There was significant difference of ∆E for all experimental groups compared to negative control group, according to Dunnett's test (p < 0.0001). There were no significant difference for total color variation (∆E) among experimental groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion It was concluded that all bleaching gels showed bleaching efficacy compared to non-bleached group and that the simulated pulpal pressure did not influence the bleaching outcomes of the tested gels. Clinical significance Although numerous in vitro studies investigating the efficacy of bleaching agents have been performed, they do not properly simulate the pulpal pressure. In order to make these studies closer to clinical conditions, it is important to reproduce these conditions in laboratory, so the results can be more reliable. This in vitro study was performed under simulated pulpal pressure, aiming to investigate its influence on dental bleaching outcomes. How to cite this article Borges AB, Batista GR, Arantes PT, Wiegand A, Attin T, Torres CRG. Influence of Simulated Pulpal Pressure on Efficacy of Bleaching Gels. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(4):407-412.

scholarly journals Effect of the Purple Corn Beverage “Chicha Morada” in Composite Resin during Dental Bleaching

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Eric Dario Acuña ◽  
Leyla Delgado-Cotrina ◽  
Francisco Aurelio Rumiche ◽  
Lidia Yileng Tay
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Dental Bleaching ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Bleaching Procedure ◽  
Purple Corn

During dental bleaching the staining potential of the surface would increase. This study aims to evaluate the staining susceptibility of one bleached composite resin after the exposure to three different beverages: Peruvian purple corn based beverage (chicha morada), green tea, and distilled water. Thirty disk-shaped specimens of one nanofill composite resin were prepared. The specimens were then divided into six groups (n=5): purple corn (P), purple corn + bleaching (PB), green tea (T), green tea + bleaching (TB), distilled water (W), and distilled water + bleaching (WB). In groups that received bleaching, two sessions of bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide were done. Following bleaching, specimens were exposed to each liquid thirty minutes daily. Color was measured with a digital spectrophotometer. For statistical analysis, color measurement differences between the obtained results were used: during bleaching, after bleaching, and during + after bleaching. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare the color changes in the resins of all groups (p<0.05). We conclude that all the evaluated beverages produced changes of color in the composite resin regardless of the bleaching procedure. However, purple corn was the only beverage that caused a perceptible color change (ΔE>3.3).

scholarly journals Color Stability of the Bulk-Fill Composite Resins with Different Thickness in Response to Coffee/Water Immersion

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayna Shamszadeh ◽  
Seyedeh Mahsa Sheikh-Al-Eslamian ◽  
Elham Hasani ◽  
Ahmad Najafi Abrandabadi ◽  
Narges Panahandeh
Keyword(s):  
Composite Resin ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Composite Resins ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Post Hoc

We aimed to evaluate the color stability of bulk-fill and conventional composite resin with respect to thickness and storage media. Twenty specimens of a conventional composite resin (6 mm diameter and 2 mm thick) and 40 specimens of the bulk-fill Tetric EvoCeram composite resin at two different thicknesses (6 mm diameter and 2 mm thick or 4 mm thick,n=20) were prepared. The specimens were stored in distilled water during the study period (28 d). Half of the specimens were remained in distilled water and the other half were immersed in coffee solution 20 min/d and kept in distilled water between the cycles. Color changes (ΔE) were measured using the CIEL⁎a⁎b⁎color space and a digital imaging system at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days of storage. Data were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (P<0.05). Composite resins showed significant increase in color changes by time (bulk-fill > conventional;P<0.001). Coffee exhibited significantly more staining susceptibility than that of distilled water (P<0.001). There was greater color changes with increasing the increment thickness, which was significant at 14 (P<0.001) and 28 d (P<0.01). Color change of bulk-fill composite resin was greater than that of the conventional one after coffee staining and is also a function of increment thicknesses.

scholarly journals Investigation of Water Absorption and Color Change of Indirect Composite Resins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur İskender ◽  
Bilge Ersöz ◽  
Numan Aydın ◽  
Serpil Karaoğlanoğlu ◽  
Elif Aybala Oktay
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Composite Resins ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Absorption Data ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Indirect Composites ◽  
Indirect Composite

Purpose:Since conventional composite resins have some disadvantages such as polymerization shrinkage and secondarycaries formation, indirect restorations are preferred in cases where tooth tissue loss is high. The aim of this study is toexamine the water absorption and color change of indirect composite resins in different beverages.Materials & Methods:In the study, 40 specimens (10×2 mm) were arranged from each composite using three indirect(Signum Composite, Signum Ceramis and Gradia Plus) and one conventional (GrandioSO) composite resin. After thespecimens were polished, they were used for water absorption and color change test. The water absorption test wasperformed through keeping them in water for 7 days as specified in ISO 4049:2009. Samples were kept in coffee, tea anddistilled water for 7 days in order to examine color differences. The water absorption and color change values of thecomposite resins at the end of the 7th day were appraised using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test(p<0.05).Results:While there was no statistically considerable difference between the water absorption data of the indirect andtraditional composite resin materials we used in the study (p>0.05). When the color changes of resin-containingcomposites in water, coffee and tea were examined, traditional composite resin (GrandioSO) showed statistically lesscolor change than indirect composites in water, coffee and tea (p<0.05).Conclusion:Although indirect composite resins showed similar water absorption with conventional composite, theyshowed more color change than conventional composite. The highest color change in indirect composites was seen incoffee solution. Particle size of the indirect composites do not affect water absorption, but the decrease in particle size ofcomposites shows less color change.

scholarly journals Effect of a Prebrushing Mouthwash on Color Stability of Composite Resins

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-194
Author(s):  
Ângela Dalla Nora ◽  
Camila da Silva Rodrigues ◽  
Rachel de Oliveira Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Composite Resin ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Composite Resins ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Dental Tissues ◽  
Evaluation Time ◽  
Materials Used

AbstractDespite composite resins capacity to mimic dental tissues, they can discolor over time. However, there is no information on the effect of prebrushing mouthwashes on the composite resin staining. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of prebrushing mouthwashes on the color stability of three composite resins. Twenty specimens of each resin were prepared: Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE –S Paul, MN, USA), Charisma (Heraeus Kulzer GmbH - Hanau - Germany) e EvoluX (Dentsply- Petrópolis - Brazil). Groups were randomly divided accord to the treatment: immersion in prebrushing mouthwash (test group) or immersion in deionized water (control group). Test groups were immersed in 10 ml of prebrushing mouthwash Plax Magic (Colgate-Palmolive, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil) for 60 s three times a day during 35 days following the manufacturer’s instructions. Color measurements were performed after 24 h of specimen’s preparation and after 7, 14, 21, and 35 days of immersion time. Results showed that prebrushing mouthwash Plax Magic promoted a color change in all the tested materials and evaluation time. The color change was greater in composite resin Charisma, followed by Z250 and EvoluX. Therefore, prebrushing mouthwash promoted a color change in all the materials used. Composite resin Charisma demonstrated less color stability than Filtek Z250 resin and EvoluX resin, which was the most stable.Keywords: Composite Resins. Oral Hygiene. Color.ResumoApesar da capacidade das resinas compostas de mimetizar os tecidos dentais, esses materiais podem ter sua cor alterada com o tempo. No entanto, não há informação na literatura sobre o efeito de evidenciadores de placa na estabilidade de cor desses materiais. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de um evidenciador de placa na estabilidade de cor e três resinas compostas. Para isso, 20 espécimes de cada resina foram preparados: Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE –S Paul, MN, EUA), Charisma (Heraeus Kulzer GmbH - Hanau - Alemanha) e EvoluX (Dentsply- Petrópolis - Brasil). Os grupos foram aleatoriamente divididos de acordo com o tratamento a ser submetido: imersão no evidenciador de placa (grupo teste) ou imersão em água deionizada (grupo controle). Os grupos teste foram imersos em 10 ml do evidenciador de placa Plax Magic (Colgate-Palmolive, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brasil) por 60 s três vezes por dia durante 35 dias, de acordo com a orientações de uso do fabricante. As leituras de cor foram feitas após 24 h da preparação dos espécimes e após 7, 14, 21 e 35 dias de imersão. Os resultados mostraram que o evidenciador de placa Plax Magic promoveu alteração de cor em todos os materiais usados e em todos os tempos de leitura. A alteração de cor foi maior na resina Charisma, seguida da Z250 e EvoluX. Portanto, o evidenciador de placa promove alteração de cor em todos os materiais testados. A resina composta Charisma demonstrou menor estabilidade de cor que as resinas Z250 e EvoluX, que, por sua vez, foi a mais estável. Palavras-chave: Resinas Compostas. Higiene Oral. Cor.

Effectiveness of In-office Hydrogen Peroxide With Two Different Protocols: A Two-center Randomized Clinical Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
IEB Martins ◽  
S Onofre ◽  
N Franco ◽  
LM Martins ◽  
A Montenegro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Bleaching Agent ◽  
Tooth Sensitivity ◽  
Peroxide Bleaching ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
The Absolute

SUMMARY Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the bleaching efficacy and tooth sensitivity (TS) of a 38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent used for in-office bleaching, applied under different time protocols: a 40-minute application or two 20-minute applications. Methods and Materials: Forty-four patients from Brazil and Colombia, with right superior canines darker than C2, were selected for this multicenter, single-blind, randomized trial. The teeth were bleached in two sessions, with a one-week interval between them, in a split-mouth design. The bleaching agent was applied in two 20-minute (2×20) applications or one 40-minute (1×40) application in each session according to the manufacturer's instructions. The color changes were evaluated by using subjective (Vita Classical and Vita Bleachedguide) and objective (Easyshade Spectrophotometer) methods at baseline and 30 days after the second session. Tooth sensitivity was recorded up to 48 hours with a 0-10 visual analog scale. Also, the pH values during the application of bleaching were recorded. Color change in shade guide units and ΔE were analyzed by using the Student t-test (α=0.05). The absolute risk and intensity of TS were evaluated with the McNemar test, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and the Friedman test, respectively (α= 0.05). Results: Significant whitening was observed in both groups after 30 days of clinical evaluation. The use of a 40-minute application did not significantly influence the absolute risk of TS (68%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 53-80) as well as the intensity of TS compared with the acid bleaching gel (absolute risk of 82%, 95% CI = 68-91). The pH values did not differ significantly between groups and at the different assessment periods (p=0.42). Conclusion: The use of a 40-minute in-office bleaching agent gel application produced the same whitening degree and TS that the two 20-minute bleaching agent applications did. The former preferably should be applied because one 40-minute application does not require gel refreshing.

scholarly journals Influence of Time on Bond Strength After Bleaching with 35% Hydrogen Peroxide

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Martão Flório ◽  
Cinthia Maria Barbosa ◽  
Robson Tetsuo Sasaki ◽  
Robera Tarkany Basting
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Adhesive System ◽  
Bleaching Agent ◽  
Peroxide Bleaching ◽  
Bleaching Treatment

Abstract Aim The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of time after treatment with a 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent on the shear bond strength between composite resin and sound enamel and dentin. Methods and Materials Eighty dental slabs - 40 enamel (E) slabs and 40 dentin (D) slabs - were embedded, flatted, and divided into four groups (n=10). In G1 the E and D slabs were kept in artificial saliva for 14 days. For the G2, G3, and G4 groups the E and D slabs were submitted to bleaching treatment with a 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent. At different times after bleaching treatments (G2=immediate; G3=seven days; G4= fourteen days), composite resin cylinders were made using an adhesive system. Tests were performed in a universal testing machine at a speed of 0.5 mm/min to obtain the values in MPa. Results For enamel, the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn Method showed G1 differed significantly from G2 (G1=13.40 a; G2=6.64 b; G3=16.76 a; G4=11.64 ab). For dentin, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests showed that G1 differed significantly from G2 and G3 (G1=12.11 a; G2=4.97 b; G3=8.67 c; G4=11.86 ac). Conclusion It is recommended adhesive restorative procedures in enamel be delayed for seven days postbleaching treatment with 35% hydrogen peroxide, while restorations in dentin should be delayed for 14 days following bleaching treatment. Citation Barbosa CM, Sasaki RT, Flório FM, Basting RT. Influence of Time on Bond Strength After Bleaching with 35% Hydrogen Peroxide. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008 February;(9)2:081-088.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of the color stability of universal composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 234-237
Author(s):  
Merve Gürses ◽  
Nevin Çobanoğlu ◽  
Omar Faez Abdulateef
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Composite Resins ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Native Speakers Of English

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the color stability of different universal composites and to evaluate the effects of keeping them in water for 1 week before coloring. Methodology: Filtek Ultimate (FU), Estelite Ʃ Quick (EQ), and Ceram X One (CX) composites were used. The specimens were kept in the dark, dry environment for 24 hours, then polished, and each composite group was divided into 3 groups: the control, the group that was kept in water for 1 week before coloring and coloring (n=7). The samples in the control group were kept in distilled water for 3 weeks. Samples in the coloring group were colored with coffee for 2 weeks (C), and the samples in the last group were kept in water for 1 week and then stained with coffee for 2 weeks (W+C) (n=7). Color measurements for all samples were taken twice, once before and once after the coloring period. The color changes of the samples were measured using the ∆E* parameter, which was calculated with before and after measurements.  Results: For all composite resins, the ΔE values of the samples in the W+C and C groups were significantly higher than those in the control group. When the composites were compared with each other, the differences between the ΔE values of the composites in the control, W+C, and C groups were not statistically significant. For FU and ESQ, at the end of the coloration period, there were no statistically significant differences between the W+C and C groups. However, for CX, the color change of the samples in the W+C group was significantly higher than that in  the C group. Conclusion: Storage in distilled water for 1 week before staining did not reduce the color change values of the samples. Thus, after composite restorations are performed, there is no need to advise patients to avoid staining foods, especially in the first week after restoration.   How to cite this article: Abdulateef OF, Çobanoğlu N, Gürses M. Comparative evaluation of the color stability of universal composites. Int Dent Res 2021;11(Suppl.1):234-7. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.34   Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

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