scholarly journals A note on the effect of different types of agar on plate count of oligotrophic bacteria in soil.

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
TSUTOMU HATTORI
Keyword(s):  
Plate Count ◽  
Oligotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Different Types

scholarly journals Comparison of floor bacterial load in different types of rabbit cages

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1226-1229
Author(s):  
D. Divyalakshmi ◽  
N. Kumaravelu ◽  
Thanga. Thamil Vanan ◽  
P. Tensingh Gnanaraj
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sterile Normal Saline

Rabbits are housed on various types of cages including single tier, multi- tier cages etc. The effect of housing system on the floor bacterial load is variable, and its effect on animal production is limited. An attempt has been made to evaluate and compare the floor bacterial load between single-tier and multi-tier caging system in rabbitary. The study was carried out in rabbitary which housed broiler rabbits. The samples were taken in sterile cotton tipped swabs. The floor bacterial load was determined by dilution method where serial dilutions were done with sterile normal saline. An aliquot of 1 ml was taken from dilution and poured in sterile petri plates in triplicate and mixed with liquefied sterilized plate count agar. Following incubation, the bacterial colonies were counted. The bacterial load in the single-tier was comparatively lower than the multi-tier cage even before washing of cages. There was significant difference (P<0.01) in the floor bacterial load before (1.73x1012±0.30) and after water wash (1.35x1011±0.29) and between single (1.50x109±0.30) and multi-tier cages (1.35x1011±0.29). The bacteria up to genes level found using Hi-Media bacterial kit were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Flavobacterium sp, Micrococcus sp, Proteus sp, Mannheimia sp, Klebsiella sp, Bordetella sp, Bacillus sp, Actinomyces sp, Cornybacterium sp and Pseudomonas sp. This study concluded that reduced bacterial load found in single tier may be due to good aeration and better handling facilities.  In single tier cage the dung and urine gets settled at the floor which facilities easy washing which slows down the bacterial growth.

scholarly journals Stability of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Pasteurized Cow’s and Goat’s Milk

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Nurfarhana Syed Malik ◽  
Mohd. Nizam Lani ◽  
Fauziah Tufail Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Goat's Milk ◽  
The Stability

This study was done to determine the effect of pasteurization on the stability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and its enzyme in raw and pasteurized cow’s and goat’s milk. The total viable count for plate count of the bacterial growth concentration was higher in both pasteurized cow’s and goat’s milk at 2.48 log CFU/ml. This is followed by raw cow’s milk (1.59 log CFU/ml) and raw goat’s milk (0.65 log CFU/ml). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was found to be similar in both raw cow’s and goat’s milk (p>0.05), and pasteurized milk of both animals also contained the same amount of LAB (p>0.05). LAB was still detected in pasteurized milk (p<0.05), indicating the stability of LAB against the pasteurization temperature. Interestingly, based on API ZYM assay kit results, there were nine different enzymes detected in all samples, which were leucinearylamidase, valinearylamidase,cystinearylamidase, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidaseand acid phosphatise. The results revealed that different types of lactic acid bacteria were detected in treated and non-treated milk samples produced by different animals, indicating the different stability levels of LAB against pasteurization.

scholarly journals Assessing the Performance of Food Safety Management System Using Food Safety Management System Diagnostic Tools and Microbial Assessment Scheme: A Case of Powdered Beverage Manufacturers

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-142
Author(s):  
Cheah Hua Yen ◽  
Suhaila Emma Merican ◽  
Nor Khaizura Mahmud@Ab Rashid ◽  
Ainul Zakiah Abu Bakar ◽  
Syaliza Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Management System ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Safety Performance ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Safety Management System ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Different Types

Background: The objective of the study is to assess the performance of the Food Safety Management System (FSMS) among powdered beverage manufacturers using Food Safety Management System Diagnostic Tools (FSMS-DI) and Microbial Assessment Scheme (MAS). Methods: FSMS-DI was used to evaluate the context factors, core control and core assurance activities of five powdered beverage manufacturers with different types of FSMS certification. Manufacturer A is not certified with any FSMS, while manufacturers B, C, D and E are complied with MeSTI, GMP, HACCP and ISO 22000, respectively. For MAS, samples were collected from the selected critical sampling locations of two manufacturers who complied FSMS with the least (manufacturer B) and the most stringent (manufacturer E) requirements. The samples consisted of two different types of powdered beverage products were analysed for total plate count (TPC), Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, yeast and mould count (YMC). Results: The food safety (FS) output of powdered beverages for manufacturer E was better (overall score of 3) than manufacturer B (overall score of 2–3). Manufacturer E was able to achieve their FS objectives. The FSMS activities of manufacturer C, D and E were better (overall score of 2–3) than manufacturer A and B (overall score of 1–2). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that FSMS-DI and MAS can be used to differentiate the FSMS performance of powdered beverage manufacturers with different types of FSMS certification. Higher scores of FSMS activities obtained by the manufacturer who complied with stringent FSMS certifications contributed to better microbiological safety performance of powdered beverages.

scholarly journals Bacterial Analysis of Different Types of Milk (Pasteurized, Unpasteurized and Raw Milk) Consumed in Kathmandu Valley

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarda Acharya ◽  
Nabin Kishor Bimali ◽  
Soni Shrestha ◽  
Binod Lekhak
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mean

Objectives: The presence of pathogenic bacteria in milk is the major public health concern resulting in food borne illness. The aim of this study is to determine the microbial quality of three different types of milk consumed in Kathmandu Valley with respect to the acceptable standard guideline and measure the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolates.Methods: A total of 66 samples (16 pasteurized, 25 unpasteurized and 25 raw milk) were collected from various sites of Kathmandu Valley. Those samples were subjected for total plate count and total coliform count by pour plate method. Furthermore, identification was made for the presence of E. coli and S. aureus with biochemical tests.Results: The mean total plate count (TPC) of pasteurized, unpasteurized and raw milk was 1.2X106 cfu/ml, 2.3 X 107 cfu/ml and 2.0 X 107 cfu/ml respectively. And, the mean total coliform count (TCC) of pasteurized, unpasteurized and raw milk was 2.9 X 104cfu/ml, 6.3 X 105 cfu/ml and 1.6 X 105 cfu/ ml respectively. Coliforms were detected in 50%, 84% and 56% of the pasteurized, unpasteurized and raw milk sample respectively. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated from 18.8% and 12.5% of pasteurized, 40% and 16% of unpasteurized and 20% and 24% of the raw milk samples respectively. Among total E. coli isolates (n=18), 16.7% were susceptible to ampicillin whereas 100% isolates were susceptible to other tested antibiotics. Similarly, 33.3% and 66.7% of the isolated S. aureus were susceptible to penicillin and cefoxitin respectively, whereas all S. aureus isolates were sensitive to all other antibiotics.Conclusion: The mean value of TPC and TCC of pasteurized and raw milk exceed the standard guideline by FDA. Higher total plate count and presence of coliforms (also E. coli) and S. aureus in this study necessitates the close monitoring of the pasteurization process and post pasteurization process (packaging, transportation, storage etc.).  

scholarly journals Microbiomes in Ground Water and Alternative Irrigation Water, and Spinach Microbiomes Impacted by Irrigation with Different Types of Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganyu Gu ◽  
Hsin-Bai Yin ◽  
Andrea Ottesen ◽  
Samantha Bolten ◽  
Jitendra Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alternative Irrigation

Irrigation water, particularly if applied overhead, could be an important source of bacterial contamination to fresh produce. The colonization, survival, and proliferation of exogenous bacterial pathogens can be strongly influenced by the produce microbiota. In this study, spinach grown in an organic field was irrigated with ground water and potential alternative irrigation water including reclaimed wastewater, and urban runoff water, over a period of 2 weeks. Water and spinach samples were collected before and after irrigation for bacterial plate count, qPCR, and community profiling using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing analyses. The average bacterial population densities on spinach (6.50 ± 0.04 log CFU/g, 7.40 ± 0.10 log 16S copies/g) were significantly higher than those in irrigation water (3.61 ± 0.12 log CFU/ml, 4.94 ± 0.13 log 16S copies/ml). The composition and relative abundance of spinach microbiomes varied with different types of irrigation waters; however, the most abundant microbial taxa on spinach were not significantly affected by the irrigation with different types of water. Shigella, Salmonella, Listeria, Campylobacter spp., and pathogenic Escherichia coli were not detected in this study. This study provides information on the microbial ecology of diverse bacterial communities on spinach surface after irrigation by different types of water, which can benefit future studies on the interaction of microbes on produce, and the prevention of foodborne pathogens and plant disease.

scholarly journals PENDUGAAN UMUR SIMPAN IKAN ASAP MENGGUNAKAN JENIS ASAP TEMPURUNG KELAPA DAN JENIS IKAN AIR TAWAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asep Dedy Sutrisno ◽  
Willy Pranata Widjaja ◽  
Wildan Qoharisma Salam
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Different Types

The purpose of this research was to find out the shelf life of smoked fish produced from different types of freshwater fish, namely bawal fish, tawes fish and nilem fish using different types of coconut shell smoke, first grade liquid smoke, second grade liquid smoke and direct smoke.This research was conducted using Arrhenius Method on smoked fish using different coconut shell smoke and different freshwater fish species and stored at 25oC for 6 days. The responses in this research is organoleptic response (color, texture, flavour), microbiological response (Total Plate Count) and H2S test and Indol test. The method of this research consists of a preliminary research conducted to obtain a panelist acceptance limit on smoked fish products. The main research was conducted to find out the shelf life of smoked fish using different types of coconut shell smoke with different freshwater fish using microbial parameters also analyzed H2S test and Indol test to determine the overall quality degradation in smoked fish. Based on the parameters of total microbes treated using Arrhenius method, the shelf life of smoked fish was 5.75 days for bawal with garde 1 liquid smoke, 5.91 days for bawal with grade 2 liquid smoke and 3.97 days for bawal with smoke directly. For tawes with grade 1 liquid smoke that is 6.33 days, 3.90 days for tawes with grade 2 liquid smoke and 4.45 for tawes with direct smoke. Nilem fish with grade 1 liquid smoke is 5.72 days, 6.09 days for nilem with grade 2 liquid smoke and 4.25 day for nilem with direct smoke.

scholarly journals Application of luminescent ATP rapid checks at ready-to-eat foods producing plant

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 382-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Caputo ◽  
E.N. Ferri ◽  
S. Girotti ◽  
S. Gozzi ◽  
P. Saracino
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Atp Assay ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Plate Count Method ◽  
Cleaning Procedures ◽  
Fresh Foods ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Food Manipulation

Bioluminescent ATP determination has been applied at a ready-to-eat meals producer plant as a screening tool to evaluate the cleaning procedures and identify possible sources of microbial contamination. Luminescent ATP test revealed the risk situations in few minutes, any time it was supposed useful, and on site. All data were confirmed by the plate count method and immediate interventions were undertaken in risk situations, concerning not perfectly cleaned surfaces and cross-contamination between the areas for different types of foods. Various departments have been checked: cold stores, raw food manipulation areas, kitchens, coolers, and packaging areas. Critical situations were revealed in the fresh foods cold storage areas, which were consequently treated by more intensive cleaning procedures, and the raw food manipulation areas, which were physically separated by walls, were more intensively cleaned with exchanges between the various areas strictly regulated. Intervention effectiveness was confirmed by repeated controls using portable ATP assay, since the evaluation of the relationship between CFU and RLU gave good results, with an r<sup>2</sup> value of 0.83.

scholarly journals Unorthodox ophthalmic preparations on the Ghanaian market: a potential risk for ocular and enteric infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 515-523
Author(s):  
Samuel Kyei ◽  
Eric Dogbadze ◽  
Selassie Tagoh ◽  
Estele Mwanza
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Corneal Ulcers ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Purpose: Microbial contamination of orthodox ophthalmic preparations poses a serious threat to the user by causing ocular infections. There is no such information about unorthodox ophthalmic preparations in a medical pluralistic system such as Ghana. The aim of this study was to assess unorthodox ophthalmic medications on the Ghanaian market for possible microbial contaminations. Methods: Unorthodox ophthalmic preparations were collected across different herbal and homeopathic outlets in Ghana. A total of 27 samples were collected from the ten (10) regions in Ghana. The samples were inoculated in different culture media (Plate count Agar, Blood Agar, MacConkey Agar, Saboraud Dextrose Agar). The microorganisms isolated were identified using standard microbiological procedures and antimicrobial susceptibility was done to determine whether they were resistant or sus- ceptible strains. Results: All the samples were contaminated with bacteria and the majority were contaminated with fungus. A total of for- ty-eight bacteria spp. was isolated thus seven different types namely: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacilli spp., Serrati spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp. and Shigella spp. with Staphylococcus aureus being the predominant bacteria. For fungi, a total of elev- en fungi species thus four different types namely: Cephalosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Cercosporium spp. and Clasdosporium spp. with the predominant fungi being Penicillium spp. Per the class of preparations, 15 contaminants were isolated from ten (10) anti-in- flammatory preparations. The fungi were all susceptible to both Ketoconazole and Fluconazole but the bacteria were resistant to all the conventional antibiotics except Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin. Conclusion: Unorthodox ophthalmic preparations found on the Ghanaian market are contaminated with bacteria and fungi of clinical importance. Keywords: Risk of infections; unorthodox medicine; ocular infection; corneal ulcers; fungal keratitis. 

scholarly journals Conventional versus the petrifilm method for the enumeration of different types of bacteria

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-187
Author(s):  
Fred Fernández-Coll ◽  
Luis Silva-Negrón
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Conventional Plate ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

Performance of Petrifilm VRB and SM plates to enumerate different types of bacterial populations was evaluated. A total of 100 Petrifilms and 100 regular Petri plates were tested with each of 3 different bacterial populations in 4 experiments. The Petrifilm system was superior to the conventional pour plate methods, or at least not statistically different, in enumerating Escherichia coli (coliform) and a mixture of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcescens (total aerobic plate count). The Petrifilm method was superior to conventional plate counts in enumerating Pseudomonas aeruginosa (psychrotrophic plate count), when both incubations were at 21°-22° C for 96 h. If sustained in further experimentation, this last observation would mean that the Petrifilm SM system could be successfully used to detect bacterial populations in addition to those for which the system was originally intended.

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