The Spleen

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A Schinnerer ◽  
Jayleen M Grams
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Normal Anatomy ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Lymphatic Organ ◽  
Adaptive And Innate Immunity

This review focuses on the normal anatomy and physiology of the spleen. The spleen functions as a hematologic organ, filtering blood, metabolizing iron, and acting as a reservoir for blood cells. The spleen, the largest lymphatic organ, also plays a key role in adaptive and innate immunity.    This review contains 7 figures of highly rendered artwork and 26 references. Key words: immune system, spleen, spleen anatomy, spleen physiology, splenectomy vaccine guidelines

Small Bowel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent E Mortellaro
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Motor Complex ◽  
Multiple Cell

The small intestine is where multiple cell types combine to achieve the complex interaction between our bodies and ingested material from the outside world. As a highly specialized organ, the small intestine has a role in digestion, absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, and innate immunity to thwart exogenous pathogens and as host to a symbiotic environment where our immune system successfully interacts with a resident microbiome. This review covers the embryology, gross and microscopic anatomy, physiology of nutritional absorption, immune function, and advances in examining new discoveries in the interplay between the host and the resident microbiome. Key words: duodenum, ileum, jejunum, microbiota, midgut, migrating motor complex, nutritional absorption, villi

Small Bowel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent E Mortellaro
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Motor Complex ◽  
Multiple Cell

The small intestine is where multiple cell types combine to achieve the complex interaction between our bodies and ingested material from the outside world. As a highly specialized organ, the small intestine has a role in digestion, absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, and innate immunity to thwart exogenous pathogens and as host to a symbiotic environment where our immune system successfully interacts with a resident microbiome. This review covers the embryology, gross and microscopic anatomy, physiology of nutritional absorption, immune function, and advances in examining new discoveries in the interplay between the host and the resident microbiome. Key words: duodenum, ileum, jejunum, microbiota, midgut, migrating motor complex, nutritional absorption, villi

scholarly journals PI3K in the Immune System; Novartis Respiratory Centre, Horsham, UK: 9–10 September 2002

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-34
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Ward ◽  
Peter Finan ◽  
Melanie J. Welham
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Downstream Effectors ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
Respiratory Centre ◽  
Adaptive And Innate Immunity

The first ever scientific gathering to consider the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) in the immune system was held as a Biochemical Society focused meeting at Novartis Respiratory Centre, Horsham, UK on 8–10 September 2002. The meeting offered the opportunity to bring leading figures in the field together to present and discuss exciting new insights into the roles of distinct PI3K isoforms, their regulators and downstream effectors in adaptive and innate immunity. Approximately 150 people attended this 2-day symposium and there was lively debate and discussion throughout.

scholarly journals Role of Adaptive and Innate Immunity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Zhou ◽  
Zheng Hu ◽  
Shuo Yang ◽  
Lin Sun ◽  
Zhenxiang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive And Innate Immunity

After the recognition of the essential role of the immune system in the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus, more studies are focused on the effects produced by the abnormal differentiation of components of the immune system. In patients suffering from obesity or T2DM, there were alterations in proliferation of T cells and macrophages, and impairment in function of NK cells and B cells, which represented abnormal innate and adaptive immunity. The abnormality of either innate immunity, adaptive immunity, or both was involved and interacted with each other during the progression of T2DM. Although previous studies have revealed the functional involvement of T cells in T2DM, and the regulation of metabolism by the innate or adaptive immune system during the pathogenesis of T2DM, there has been a lack of literature reviewing the relevant role of adaptive and innate immunity in the progression of T2DM. Here, we will review their relevant roles, aiming to provide new thought for the development of immunotherapy in T2DM.

scholarly journals Mouse Mast Cell Tryptase mMCP-6 Is a Critical Link between Adaptive and Innate Immunity in the Chronic Phase ofTrichinella spiralisInfection

2008 ◽  
Vol 180 (7) ◽  
pp. 4885-4891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kichul Shin ◽  
Gerald F. M. Watts ◽  
Hans C. Oettgen ◽  
Daniel S. Friend ◽  
Alan D. Pemberton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Mast Cell Tryptase ◽  
Mouse Mast Cell ◽  
Adaptive And Innate Immunity ◽  
Critical Link

scholarly journals Effects of Selected Prebiotics or Synbiotics Administered in ovo on Lymphocyte Subsets in Bursa of the Fabricius, Thymus, and Spleen in Non-Immunized and Immunized Chicken Broilers

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Marianna Szczypka ◽  
Agnieszka Suszko-Pawłowska ◽  
Maciej Kuczkowski ◽  
Michał Gorczykowski ◽  
Magdalena Lis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lactococcus Lactis ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Double Positive ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Lactococcus Lactis Subsp ◽  
Egg Incubation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effects of in ovo-delivered prebiotics and synbiotics on the lymphocyte subsets of the lymphoid organs in non-immunized 7-day-old broiler chickens and in non-immunized, sheep red blood cells (SRBC)-immunized, and dextran (DEX)-immunized 21- and 35-day-old birds were studied. The substances were injected on the 12th day of egg incubation: Prebiotic1 group (Pre1) with a solution of inulin, Prebiotic2 group (Pre2) with a solution of Bi2tos (non-digestive transgalacto-oligosaccharides), Synbiotic1 group (Syn1) with inulin and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IBB SL1, and Synbiotic2 group (Syn2) with Bi2tos and Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris IBB SC1. In 7-day-old chicks, a decrease in T splenocytes was noticed in all groups. The most pronounced effect in 21- and 35-day-old birds was an increase in TCRγδ+ cells in Syn1 and Syn2 groups. A decrease in bursal B cells was observed in DEX-immunized Pre1 group (21-day-old birds), and in the Syn1 group in non-immunized and SRBC-immunized 35-day-old birds. An increase in double-positive lymphocytes was observed in Pre1 (35-day-old birds) and Pre2 (immunized 21-day-old birds) groups. In Pre1 and Syn1 groups (21- and 35-day-old), an increase in B splenocytes and a decrease in T splenocytes were observed. We concluded that Syn1 was the most effective in the stimulation of the chicken immune system.

scholarly journals Immunosenescence as a reason of individualizing immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-179
Author(s):  
V. A. Fedulkina ◽  
A. V. Vatazin ◽  
A. V. Kildyushevskiy ◽  
A. B. Zulkarnayev ◽  
D. V. Gubina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Renal Transplant ◽  
Immunosuppressive Therapy ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Renal Transplant Recipients ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
Underlying Diseases ◽  
Adaptive And Innate Immunity

Transplantation in elderly patients is obviously more challenging due to existing underlying diseases, changes in pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressive drugs, polypragmasy, and transformation of immunoreactivity (immunosenescence). Our review presents data on modification of adaptive and innate immunity during aging. It also considers the possibility of both reduced and adapted immunosuppressive therapy in elderly renal transplant recipients in achieving an optimal balance between efficacy and complications.

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