Neurobiology of Addiction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Gogliettino ◽  
Marc Potenza ◽  
Sarah Yip ◽  
Yasmin Zakiniaeiz ◽  
Zu Wei Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Imaging Genetics ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Controlled Gambling

Addiction is a disorder characterized by poorly controlled substance use despite negative health and social consequences. Additionally, the only behavioral addiction recognized in the main text of the DSM-5, gambling disorder, presents similarly to many substance addictions with respect to the underlying neurobiology and poorly controlled gambling despite negative consequences (e.g., financial, familial problems). This review first provides an overview of the diagnostic criteria for addictive disorders—both substance and nonsubstance—and subsequently reviews the extant literature examining epidemiology, including global prevalence and co-occurring disorders, as well as differences in addicted and nonaddicted groups with respect to genotype, brain function, and neurochemical systems. Last, the prognosis, quality of life, and current treatment strategies for addictions are discussed. The review also includes tables and figures to supplement the text, summarizes important points, and provides visual representations of tasks used to study cognitive aspects of addictions and addiction pathophysiology. This review contains 5 figures, 6 tables, and 81 references. Key words: brain function, cognitive function, epidemiology, functional magnetic resonance imaging, genetics, neurochemistry, positron emission tomography, treatment

Neurobiology of Addiction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Gogliettino ◽  
Marc Potenza ◽  
Sarah Yip ◽  
Yasmin Zakiniaeiz ◽  
Zu Wei Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Imaging Genetics ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Controlled Gambling

Addiction is a disorder characterized by poorly controlled substance use despite negative health and social consequences. Additionally, the only behavioral addiction recognized in the main text of the DSM-5, gambling disorder, presents similarly to many substance addictions with respect to the underlying neurobiology and poorly controlled gambling despite negative consequences (e.g., financial, familial problems). This review first provides an overview of the diagnostic criteria for addictive disorders—both substance and nonsubstance—and subsequently reviews the extant literature examining epidemiology, including global prevalence and co-occurring disorders, as well as differences in addicted and nonaddicted groups with respect to genotype, brain function, and neurochemical systems. Last, the prognosis, quality of life, and current treatment strategies for addictions are discussed. The review also includes tables and figures to supplement the text, summarizes important points, and provides visual representations of tasks used to study cognitive aspects of addictions and addiction pathophysiology. This review contains 5 figures, 5 tables, and 80 references. Key words: brain function, cognitive function, epidemiology, functional magnetic resonance imaging, genetics, neurochemistry, positron emission tomography, treatment

scholarly journals Physical activity in secondary stroke prevention

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Stroke Prevention ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Secondary Stroke Prevention

After having a stroke the main challenges are reducing the risk of recurrent stroke, improving impaired brain function, quality of life, independence in activities of daily living and reintegration into the community. [1] Lesion-induced impairment of brain function also has, besides its effects on e.g. motor, sensory, visual and speech function, an influence on e.g. cognition and mood, all of which are determinants of post-stroke physical activity. The evidence for a benefit of physical activity in secondary stroke prevention is increasing and treatment strategies aimed at factors which are limiting physical activity are more and more recognized.

Anosmia: Differential Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. e3-e7 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Scangas ◽  
Benjamin S. Bleier
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Smell Disorders

The ability to scrutinize our surroundings remains heavily dependent on the sense of smell. From the ability to detect dangerous situations such as fires to the recollection of a fond memory triggered by an odor, the advantages of an intact olfactory system cannot be overstated. Outcomes studies have highlighted the profound negative impact of anosmia and parosmia on the overall quality of life. The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders estimates that ∼1.4% of the United States population experiences chronic olfactory dysfunction and smell loss. Efforts have focused on improving both the diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction through olfactory testing and improved reporting of treatment outcomes of olfactory training. The purpose of this article was to review the differential diagnosis, workup, and current treatment strategies of anosmia and smell disorders.

scholarly journals Identifying serotonergic mechanisms underlying the corticolimbic response to threat in humans

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1615) ◽  
pp. 20120192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Fisher ◽  
Ahmad R. Hariri
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Imaging Genetics ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Pharmacological Challenge ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Circuit Function

A corticolimbic circuit including the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays an important role in regulating sensitivity to threat, which is heightened in mood and anxiety disorders. Serotonin is a potent neuromodulator of this circuit; however, specific serotonergic mechanisms mediating these effects are not fully understood. Recent studies have evaluated molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of serotonin signalling on corticolimbic circuit function using a multi-modal neuroimaging strategy incorporating positron emission tomography and blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. This multi-modal neuroimaging strategy can be integrated with additional techniques including imaging genetics and pharmacological challenge paradigms to more clearly understand how serotonin signalling modulates neural pathways underlying sensitivity to threat. Integrating these methodological approaches offers novel opportunities to identify mechanisms through which serotonin signalling contributes to differences in brain function and behaviour, which in turn can illuminate factors that confer risk for illness and inform the development of more effective treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Pain in NMOSD and MOGAD: A Systematic Literature Review of Pathophysiology, Symptoms, and Current Treatment Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Asseyer ◽  
Graham Cooper ◽  
Friedemann Paul
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Rare Disorders ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Mixed Pain ◽  
The Impact

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) are autoimmune inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Pain is highly prevalent and debilitating in NMOSD and MOGAD with a severe impact on quality of life, and there is a critical need for further studies to successfully treat and manage pain in these rare disorders. In NMOSD, pain has a prevalence of over 80%, and pain syndromes include neuropathic, nociceptive, and mixed pain, which can emerge in acute relapse or become chronic during the disease course. The impact of pain in MOGAD has only recently received increased attention, with an estimated prevalence of over 70%. These patients typically experience not only severe headache, retrobulbar pain, and/or pain on eye movement in optic neuritis but also neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Given the high relevance of pain in MOGAD and NMOSD, this article provides a systematic review of the current literature pertaining to pain in both disorders, focusing on the etiology of their respective pain syndromes and their pathophysiological background. Acknowledging the challenge and complexity of diagnosing pain, we also provide a mechanism-based classification of NMOSD- and MOGAD-related pain syndromes and summarize current treatment strategies.

scholarly journals A Concise Review on Targeted Therapy for Oral Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Thariny E ◽  
Ezhilarasan D ◽  
Brundha M P
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Oral Cancers ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Growth Prognosis ◽  
Intrinsic Drug Resistance

Oral Cancer has become a center of attraction in the world, causing health problems. Carcinoma that involves the lip, tongue, mouth surface, palate, and throat is also serious if not diagnosed and treated. Current treatment strategies involve surgical removal, using chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation therapy. The event of targeted therapy aid in medicine together with oral cancers is that the basic dependence of neoplasm cells on biological pathways which might be coupled to medicine that inhibit those pathways. The resistance of tumor cells to anticancer drugs is a known method which is investigated experimentally at the molecular level. Immunotherapeutic agent resistance is thought to affect the efficacy of anticancer remedies. The induced or intrinsic drug resistance has a strong effect on the survival and cancer growth prognosis by suppression of cancer-associated cell signaling pathways of cancer patients. Targeted therapy also has a significant inhibitory ability, thus demonstrating the high quality of treatment. Hence this concise review discusses the implementation of molecular targeted therapy in the treatment of oral cancer.

scholarly journals A Current Review of the Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies of Hepatic Encephalopathy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Poh ◽  
P. E. J. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Benzodiazepine Receptor ◽  
Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Translocator Protein ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious and potentially fatal complication in patients with cirrhotic liver disease. It is a spectrum ranging from minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) without recognizable clinical symptoms or signs, to overt HE with risk of cerebral edema and death. HE results in diminished quality of life and survival. The broad range of neuropsychiatric manifestations reflects the range of pathophysiological mechanisms and impairment in neurotransmission that are purported to cause HE including hyperammonemia, astrocyte swelling, intra-astrocytic glutamine, upregulation of 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) (formerly known as peripheral benzodiazepine receptor or PBTR), and manganese. There is a myriad of diagnostic tools including simple bedside clinical assessment, and more complex neuropsychological batteries and neurophysiological tests available today. Current treatment strategies are directed at reducing ammonia, with newer agents showing some early promise. This paper describes the pathophysiology of the disease and summarises current diagnostic and treatment therapies available.

Extended-release Antiepilepsy Drugs—Review of the Effects of Once-daily Dosing on Tolerability, Effectiveness, Adherence, Quality of Life, and Patient Preference

US Neurology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basim M Uthman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Extended Release ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Window ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Once Daily

Long-term adherence to antiepilepsy drug (AED) regimens is frequently suboptimal. Poor adherence to therapy is associated with a number of negative consequences, including an increase in patient seizures and mortality. Nonadherence is related to a variety of factors, such as treatment-related adverse events, convenience of treatment, efficacy, and quality of life. There is therefore a need for treatment strategies in epilepsy that improve long-term adherence. One such strategy is the use of extended-release (ER) AED formulations. Advantages of ER AEDs over other AED formulations include the potential for once-daily dosing, a more stable mean drug concentration over time, improved tolerability profiles, maximal use of the therapeutic window, and the possibility to achieve better seizure control. Improvements in overall treatment effectiveness may therefore increase patient adherence. This review presents evidence related to patient adherence and preference patterns for ER AEDs and highlights the beneficial properties of ER AEDs.

Toward a neuroscope: An application of high-performance computing for real-time evaluation of brain function using MRI

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 922-923
Author(s):  
C. S. Potter ◽  
C. D. Gregory ◽  
H. D. Morris ◽  
Z.-P. Liang ◽  
P. C. Lauterbur
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Complex Signal ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Imaging And Spectroscopy ◽  
3D Anatomy

Over the past few years, several laboratories have demonstrated that changes in local neuronal activity associated with human brain function can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Using these methods, the effects of sensory and motor stimulation have been observed and cognitive studies have begun. These new methods promise to make possible even more rapid and extensive studies of brain organization and responses than those now in use, such as positron emission tomography.Human brain studies are enormously complex. Signal changes on the order of a few percent must be detected against the background of the complex 3D anatomy of the human brain. Today, most functional MR experiments are performed using several 2D slice images acquired at each time step or stimulation condition of the experimental protocol. It is generally believed that true 3D experiments must be performed for many cognitive experiments. To provide adequate resolution, this requires that data must be acquired faster and/or more efficiently to support 3D functional analysis.

Current concepts of the interventional treatment of proximal supraaortic vessel stenosis

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernemann ◽  
Bender ◽  
Melms ◽  
Brechtel ◽  
Kobba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Clinical Indication ◽  
Interventional Treatment ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Brachiocephalic Artery ◽  
Treatment Concepts ◽  
Angioplasty And Stenting

Interventional therapies using angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic stenosis of the proximal supraaortic vessels have evolved as safe and effective treatment strategies. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current treatment concepts for stenosis in the subclavian and brachiocephalic artery with regard to clinical indication, interventional technique including selection of the appropriate vascular approach and type of stent, angiographic and clinical short-term and long-term results and follow-up. The role of hybrid interventions for tandem stenoses of the carotid bifurcation and brachiocephalic artery is analysed. A systematic review of data for angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic extracranial vertebral artery stenosis is discussed with a special focus on restenosis rate.

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