The Cardiac System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Mauchley
Keyword(s):  
Sinoatrial Node ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Atrioventricular Node ◽  
Atrial Septum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Pulmonic Valve ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Cardiac System ◽  
Cardiac Operations

The circulatory system, which consists of the heart, arterial system, venous system, and lymphatics, constitutes a complicated network of vessels and ducts that are responsible for the delivery of oxygenated blood to the body and return of deoxygenated blood to the heart and lungs. The heart is at the center of the circulatory system, and its pumping mechanism provides energy and nutrition to all organs in the body. This review focuses on the anatomy and physiology of the heart and describes anatomic details that are important to the planning of many common cardiac operations.    This review contains 28 figures, and 25 references. Key words: aortic root, aortic valve, atrial septum, atrioventricular node, coronary artery, fibrous skeleton of heart, mitral valve, myocardium, pericardium, pulmonic valve, sinoatrial node, tricuspid valve, ventricular septum 

Cardiac System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Mauchley
Keyword(s):  
Sinoatrial Node ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Atrioventricular Node ◽  
Atrial Septum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Pulmonic Valve ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Cardiac System ◽  
Cardiac Operations

The circulatory system, which consists of the heart, arterial system, venous system, and lymphatics, constitutes a complicated network of vessels and ducts that are responsible for the delivery of oxygenated blood to the body and return of deoxygenated blood to the heart and lungs. The heart is at the center of the circulatory system, and its pumping mechanism provides energy and nutrition to all organs in the body. This review focuses on the anatomy and physiology of the heart and describes anatomic details that are important to the planning of many common cardiac operations.    This review contains 28 figures, and 25 references. Key words: aortic root, aortic valve, atrial septum, atrioventricular node, coronary artery, fibrous skeleton of heart, mitral valve, myocardium, pericardium, pulmonic valve, sinoatrial node, tricuspid valve, ventricular septum 

Cardiac System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Mauchley
Keyword(s):  
Sinoatrial Node ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Atrioventricular Node ◽  
Atrial Septum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Pulmonic Valve ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Cardiac System ◽  
Cardiac Operations

The circulatory system, which consists of the heart, arterial system, venous system, and lymphatics, constitutes a complicated network of vessels and ducts that are responsible for the delivery of oxygenated blood to the body and return of deoxygenated blood to the heart and lungs. The heart is at the center of the circulatory system, and its pumping mechanism provides energy and nutrition to all organs in the body. This review focuses on the anatomy and physiology of the heart and describes anatomic details that are important to the planning of many common cardiac operations.    This review contains 28 figures, and 25 references. Key words: aortic root, aortic valve, atrial septum, atrioventricular node, coronary artery, fibrous skeleton of heart, mitral valve, myocardium, pericardium, pulmonic valve, sinoatrial node, tricuspid valve, ventricular septum 

Cardiac System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Mauchley
Keyword(s):  
Sinoatrial Node ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Atrioventricular Node ◽  
Atrial Septum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Pulmonic Valve ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Cardiac System ◽  
Cardiac Operations

The circulatory system, which consists of the heart, arterial system, venous system, and lymphatics, constitutes a complicated network of vessels and ducts that are responsible for the delivery of oxygenated blood to the body and return of deoxygenated blood to the heart and lungs. The heart is at the center of the circulatory system, and its pumping mechanism provides energy and nutrition to all organs in the body. This review focuses on the anatomy and physiology of the heart and describes anatomic details that are important to the planning of many common cardiac operations.    This review contains 28 figures, and 25 references. Key words: aortic root, aortic valve, atrial septum, atrioventricular node, coronary artery, fibrous skeleton of heart, mitral valve, myocardium, pericardium, pulmonic valve, sinoatrial node, tricuspid valve, ventricular septum 

scholarly journals Effect of Pulsatile Flow Waveform and Womersley Number on the Flow in Stenosed Arterial Geometry

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moloy Kumar Banerjee ◽  
Ranjan Ganguly ◽  
Amitava Datta
Keyword(s):  
Pulsatile Flow ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Hemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Flow Waveform ◽  
Womersley Number ◽  
Flow Features ◽  
Hemodynamic Flow

The salient hemodynamic flow features in a stenosed artery depend not only on the degree of stenosis, but also on its location in the circulatory system and the physiological condition of the body. The nature of pulsatile flow waveform and local Womersley number vary in different regions of the arterial system and at different physiological state, which affects the local hemodynamic wall parameters, for example, the wall shear stress (WSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI). Herein, we have numerically investigated the effects of different waveforms and Womersley numbers on the flow pattern and hemodynamic parameters in an axisymmetric stenosed arterial geometry with 50% diametral occlusion. Temporal evolution of the streamlines and hemodynamic parameters are investigated, and the time-averaged hemodynamic wall parameters are compared. Presence of the stenosis is found to increase the OSI of the flow even at the far-downstream side of the artery. At larger Womersley numbers, the instantaneous flow field in the stenosed region is found to have a stronger influence on the flow profiles of the previous time levels. The study delineates how an approximation in the assumption of inlet pulsatility profile may lead to significantly different prediction of hemodynamic wall parameters.

II.—The Circulatory System of the Crustacean Euphausid, Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars)

1958 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mauchline
Keyword(s):  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Ventral Region ◽  
Meganyctiphanes Norvegica

SynopsisIn Meganyctiphanes the blood is pumped from the heart to the various regions of the body by way of a well-developed arterial system. It passes out of the open ends of the final sub-branches of the arteries into the various sinuses, finally collecting in the posterior ventral region of the thorax. From there, by the action of the pericardium and the muscles associated with the afferent branchial channels, it enters the afferent branchial channels whence it circulates through the branchial veins in the branchiæ, to the efferent branchial channels. The beating of the heart draws the blood into the pericardium whence it reaches the heart cavity by way of two pairs of ostia.

scholarly journals A CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF KALA SHARIR W.S.R.TO RAKTADHARA KALA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Yende ◽  
Sheetal Laxmanrao Thosar ◽  
Jayashree S Gohane
Keyword(s):  
Circulatory System ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Blood Circulatory System ◽  
Conceptual Study ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT  : The word kala has been used in many senses in vedic & other ancient literature , Kala Sharira is an important part of Ayurvedic anatomy. Kala was first time described by Sushruta. He has explained kala as a barrier between dhatu and its ashaya Vagbhata has then added embryological development that it is the  important physical and functional components of the body. They form a protective coating for the ashayas as well as boundary between the ashayas and dhatus. There are seven kala in the body, in which second kala is Raktadhara kala. Kala sharira (anatomy and physiology of kala) gives us information about the important membranes and layers of the body which take part in many important functions of the body. Acharyas of Ayurveda have described the Anatomy & Physiology of Raktadhara kala in very brief manner.It is explained that Raktadhara kala holds the Raktadhatu (Blood) & present especially in sira (vessels), yakrita (liver) & pleeha (speen) but which structure inside of them is responsible for Raktadhara kala is not clearly mentioned. Hridaya (Heart) is an important organ of blood circulatory system but it is not included as a specific site of Raktadhara kala. So for proper understanding, it is essential to correlate it with the modern science & elaborate in a proper way.

scholarly journals Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Casteleyn ◽  
Jaco Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Biomedical Researcher ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Individual

Amongst the non-human primates, the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) is the most commonly investigated species in biomedical research. Its similarity to humans regarding the anatomy and physiology has resulted in an increasing number of studies in which the rhesus monkey serves as a model. This book chapter aims to fulfill the researcher’s need for easily accessible anatomical data on the rhesus monkey by presenting the essentials of its various anatomical systems. The cadavers of several rhesus monkeys of either gender were dissected for gross anatomical study of the muscular, digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems. The circulatory system was studied after injection of latex into the blood vessels. Not only did this technique allow for better visualization of the blood vessels, but it was also valuable during the description of the peripheral nerves. In addition, methyl methacrylate casts were prepared to gain insight into the organization of the arterial system. The arthrology of the rhesus monkey was studied during the maceration of several cadavers, which ultimately revealed the individual bones that were described. From one such cadaver the skeleton was mounted. The results of the dissections are textually described and illustrated by means of numerous figures.

Percutaneous Treatment of Congenital Defects of the Inter-atrial Septum in Adults – Recent Advances and Persistent Pitfalls

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
James Slater ◽  
Mark Fisch ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Septal Defect ◽  
Adult Patient ◽  
Patent Foramen Ovale ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Percutaneous Treatment ◽  
Atrial Septum ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Foramen Ovale ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Specific Tissue

William Harvey was the first scientist to describe the heart as consisting of separate right- and left-sided circulations. Our understanding of the heart’s anatomy and physiology has grown significantly since this landmark discovery in 1628. Today, we recognise not only the importance of these separate systems, but also the specific tissue that divides them. Our growing understanding of the inter-atrial septum has allowed us to identify defects within this structure and develop effective percutaneous devices for closure of these defects in the adult patient. This article discusses the formation of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) and atrial septal defect (ASD). In addition, we describe the medical illnesses caused by these defects and summarise the indications and risks related to percutaneous closure of these defects. We also report the most up-to-date transcatheter therapeutic options for closure of these common congenital defects in the adult patient.

scholarly journals The Mechanism of Secretion and Metabolism of Gut-Derived 5-Hydroxytryptamine

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7931
Author(s):  
Ning Liu ◽  
Shiqiang Sun ◽  
Pengjie Wang ◽  
Yanan Sun ◽  
Qingjuan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Paracrine Signaling ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Epithelial Development ◽  
Ec Cells

Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a metabolite of tryptophan and is reported to modulate the development and neurogenesis of the enteric nervous system, gut motility, secretion, inflammation, sensation, and epithelial development. Approximately 95% of 5-HT in the body is synthesized and secreted by enterochromaffin (EC) cells, the most common type of neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, through sensing signals from the intestinal lumen and the circulatory system. Gut microbiota, nutrients, and hormones are the main factors that play a vital role in regulating 5-HT secretion by EC cells. Apart from being an important neurotransmitter and a paracrine signaling molecule in the gut, gut-derived 5-HT was also shown to exert other biological functions (in autism and depression) far beyond the gut. Moreover, studies conducted on the regulation of 5-HT in the immune system demonstrated that 5-HT exerts anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory effects on the gut by binding to different receptors under intestinal inflammatory conditions. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms through which 5-HT participates in cell metabolism and physiology can provide potential therapeutic strategies for treating intestinal diseases. Herein, we review recent evidence to recapitulate the mechanisms of synthesis, secretion, regulation, and biofunction of 5-HT to improve the nutrition and health of humans.

Indigenous Theory Building for Māori Children and Adolescents with Traumatic Brain Injury and their Extended Family

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hinemoa Elder
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Indigenous Research ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Indigenous Theory

Background: International research identifies indigeneity as a risk factor for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Aotearoa New Zealand studies show that mokopuna (grandchildren; used here to encompass the ages and stages of infant, child and adolescent development and those in young adulthood) are significantly overrepresented in TBI populations. The important role of whānau (family) is also well established in child and adolescent TBI scholarship. Despite awareness of these factors, no studies have been identified that explore whānau knowledge about mokopuna TBI. The aim of this study was to explore two questions: (1) What do Māori people say about mokopuna TBI in the context of the Māori cultural belief that the head is the most sacred part of the body? and (2) How could this information be used to build theory that could inform addressing the rehabilitation needs of this group?Method: Eighteen marae wānanga (culture-specific fora in traditional meeting houses) were held. The wānanga typically lasted approximately 2 hours. Footage and written transcripts were analysed using Rangahau Kaupapa Māori (Māori indigenous research methods).Results: The wairua theory of mokopuna TBI proposes that TBI not only injures brain anatomy and physiology but also injures wairua (defined here as a unique connection between Māori and all aspects of the universe). Injury to wairua means that culturally determined interventions are both indicated and expected. The wairua theory of mokopuna TBI thereby provides a guide to intervention.Conclusion: A Māori theory of mokopuna TBI has been identified which describes a culture-specific aspect of TBI. This theory proposes that pre-existing whānau knowledge salient to TBI is critical to optimising recovery. Further research is needed to test this theory not only in TBI but also in other areas such as in mental illness, neurodegenerative disease and addiction.

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