General Principles of Antibiotic Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa R. Letourneau ◽  
Michael S. Calderwood
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibilities ◽  
Antibiotic Drug ◽  
Antibiotic Agents

The essential feature of effective antibiotic agents is the ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms at concentrations tolerated by the host. Antibiotic agents generally target anatomic structures or biosynthetic pathways unique to bacteria. The appropriate choice of an antibiotic for an infection depends on the following: clinician’s level of suspicion; the infecting organism and its antibiotic susceptibilities; the type of infection; factors associated with specific antibiotic agents; host factors; and public health considerations. This review provides an overview of antibiotic therapy and covers identifying the cause of an infection, determination of bacterial susceptibility to specific drugs, site of infection and ancillary therapy, antibiotic drug targets, pharmacodynamic parameters, factors affecting dosage and route of administration, host factors, complications of antibiotic therapy, Clostridium difficile infection, and antimicrobial resistance.  This review contains 2 figures, 7 tables, and 45 references. Key words: Antimicrobial therapy, antibiotic, infection, microorganism, renal dosing, hepatic dosing, Clostridium difficile  

General Principles of Antibiotic Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa R. Letourneau ◽  
Michael S. Calderwood
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibilities ◽  
Antibiotic Drug ◽  
Antibiotic Agents

The essential feature of effective antibiotic agents is the ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms at concentrations tolerated by the host. Antibiotic agents generally target anatomic structures or biosynthetic pathways unique to bacteria. The appropriate choice of an antibiotic for an infection depends on the following: clinician’s level of suspicion; the infecting organism and its antibiotic susceptibilities; the type of infection; factors associated with specific antibiotic agents; host factors; and public health considerations. This review provides an overview of antibiotic therapy and covers identifying the cause of an infection, determination of bacterial susceptibility to specific drugs, site of infection and ancillary therapy, antibiotic drug targets, pharmacodynamic parameters, factors affecting dosage and route of administration, host factors, complications of antibiotic therapy, Clostridium difficile infection, and antimicrobial resistance.  This review contains 2 figures, 7 tables, and 45 references. Key words: Antimicrobial therapy, antibiotic, infection, microorganism, renal dosing, hepatic dosing, Clostridium difficile  

Modeling of dynamic mosaicism on ring chromosomes in human fibroblasts and IPSCS

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
Т.В. Никитина ◽  
А.А. Кашеварова ◽  
М.М. Гридина ◽  
А.А. Хабарова ◽  
А.Г. Мензоров ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Mitotic Stability ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ring Chromosomes ◽  
Cell Clones ◽  
Mitotic Instability ◽  
Mitotic Behavior

Митотическая нестабильность кольцевых хромосом может приводить к появлению клеточных клонов с различной генетической структурой. В качестве модели нестабильности кольцевых хромосом в митозе мы использовали фибробласты от пациентов с r(8), r(13), r(18) и r(22) и полученные из них индуцированные плюрипотентные стволовые клетки (ИПСК). Линии ИПСК с r(22) имели относительно стабильный кариотип на протяжении десятков (до 60) пассажей и сохраняли неизменную структуру кольцевой хромосомы. Кариотип линий ИПСК с r(8) и r(18) на ранних пассажах стабильный, планируется его изучение на поздних пассажах. Наибольшее разнообразие кариотипа выявлено в линиях ИПСК с r(13), в которых наблюдали различные перестройки и выраженную клеточную гетерогенность. Определение факторов, влияющих на митотическую стабильность кольцевых хромосом, может иметь значение для консультирования пациентов. Mitotic instability of ring chromosomes can lead to the appearance of cell clones with different genetic structure. IPSCs from fibroblasts of patients with r(8), r(13), r(18), and r(22) were used as a model of ring chromosomes mitotic behavior. Karyotypes of iPSC lines with r(8) and r(18) have so far been evaluated only in the early passages, lines with r(22) have maintained a relatively stable karyotype up to 60 passages. The occurrence of rearrangements and cellular heterogeneity was found characteristic for r(13) iPSCs. The determination of factors affecting the ring chromosomes mitotic stability would be beneficial for the patient’s prognosis.

Examination of Conditions for the Determination of Carbamate Pesticides in Soils

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1632-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Věra Tatarkovičová ◽  
Zdeněk Stránský
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Purification Procedure ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Carbamate Pesticides ◽  
Rp Hplc ◽  
Extracting Solvent

The procedure for the determination of carbamate pesticides in soil was optimized. The following factors affecting the final results were investigated: extracting solvent, extraction procedure, extract purification procedure, and soil type. Triple extraction with acetone and purification of the extract on a two-stage purification column containing an activated carbon-silica gel 1+1 mixture were found optimal. The extracts after treatment were analyzed by RP-HPLC with UV detection. The method developed allows carbamate pesticides in soil to be determined at concentrations in excess of 30 μg kg-1.

Fish Price Determination Around Lake Victoria, Tanzania: Analysis of Factors Affecting Fish Landing Price

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-363
Author(s):  
Damian Boniface Sambuo ◽  
Stephen Kirama ◽  
Kitala Malamsha
Keyword(s):  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Price Determination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
Fishery Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance

Determination of fish landing price is important, as the same contributes to the structure, conduct and performance of the fish market in Lake Victoria. Determination of relevant landing price is a gap to console between fishermen, agents (middlemen), processors and the government. The main objective of this study was therefore to examine fish price determination. Specifically, to examine the methods for fish price determination and analyse factors that affect fish landing price in Lake Victoria, a cross-sectional design was employed, and 300 respondents were randomly selected from two district councils, namely, Sengerema and Buchosa. Both qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential analysis. Findings show that landing price is determined through formal negotiation with processors, consultation with other traders, informal negotiation with buyers and Beach Management Unit (BMU). The study concluded that these are the common methods used to determine landing prices. Also, distance from fishing to onshore landing centres, market information channels, age and experiences of the fishermen are the factors significantly found affecting landing price. It is recommended that the mechanism for setting up fishery price, fish market structure, fishery information and the formation of fishery regulatory body needs fishery policy and sector reforms that mark the determination of fish landing price.

scholarly journals Polyvinyl Chloride Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes for Sensitive Determination of Levofloxacin Drug in Serum, Urine, and Pharmaceutical Formulations

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3150
Author(s):  
Fatehy M. Abdel-Haleem ◽  
Sonia Mahmoud ◽  
Nour Eldin T. Abdel-Ghani ◽  
Rasha Mohamed El Nashar ◽  
Mikhael Bechelany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Selectivity Coefficient ◽  
Pvc Membrane ◽  
Carbon Paste ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Carbon Paste Electrodes ◽  
Antibiotic Drug

Levofloxacin (LF) is a medically important antibiotic drug that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. In this study, three highly sensitive and selective carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) were fabricated for potentiometric determination of the LF drug: (i) CPEs filled with carbon paste (referred to as CPE); (ii) CPE coated (drop-casted) with ion-selective PVC membrane (referred to as C-CPE); (iii) CPE filled with carbon paste modified with a plasticizer (PVC/cyclohexanone) (referenced as P-CPE). The CPE was formulated from graphite (Gr, 44.0%) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO, 3.0%) as the carbon source, tricresyl phosphate (TCP, 47.0%) as the plasticizer; sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borate (St-TFPMB, 1.0%) as the ion exchanger; and levofloxacinium-tetraphenylborate (LF-TPB, 5.0%) as the lipophilic ion pair. It showed a sub-Nernstian slope of 49.3 mV decade−1 within the LF concentration range 1.0 × 10−2 M to 1.0 × 10−5 M, with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10−5 M. The PVC coated electrode (C-CPE) showed improved sensitivity (in terms of slope, equal to 50.2 mV decade−1) compared to CPEs. After the incorporation of PVC paste on the modified CPE (P-CPE), the sensitivity increased at 53.5 mV decade−1, indicating such improvement. The selectivity coefficient (log KLF2+,Fe+3pot.) against different interfering species (Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Glycine, Glucose, Maltose, Lactose) were significantly improved by one to three orders of magnitudes in the case of C-CPE and P-CPE, compared to CPEs. The modification with the PVC membrane coating significantly improved the response time and solubility of the LF-TPB within the electrode matrix and increased the lifetime. The constructed sensors were successfully applied for LF determination in pharmaceutical preparation (Levoxin® 500 mg), spiked urine, and serum samples with high accuracy and precision.

scholarly journals On factors affecting surface free energy of carbon black for reinforcing rubber

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shangyong Zhang ◽  
Ruipeng Zhong ◽  
Ruoyu Hong ◽  
David Hui
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Free Energy ◽  
Surface Activity ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Chromatographic Column ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Carrier Gas Flow

AbstractThe surface activity of carbon black (CB) is an important factor affecting the reinforcement of rubber. The quantitative determination of the surface activity (surface free energy) of CB is of great significance. A simplified formula is obtained to determine the free energy of CB surface through theoretical analysis and mathematical derivation. The surface free energy for four kinds of industrial CBs were measured by inverse gas chromatography, and the influential factors were studied. The results showed that the aging time of the chromatographic column plays an important role in accurate measurement of the surface free energy of CB, in comparison with the influences from the inlet pressure and carrier gas flow rate of the chromatographic column filled with CB. Several kinds of industrial CB were treated at high temperature, and the surface free energy of CB had a significant increase. With the increase of surface free energy, the maximum torque was decreased significantly, the elongation at break tended to increase, the heat generation of vulcanizates was increased, and the wear resistance was decreased.

Factors affecting in vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects. Experimental conditions and nature of oxidants determine antioxidant efficacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Etsuo Niki
Keyword(s):  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Multiple Oxidants ◽  
Antioxidant Effects

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have been implicated in the onset and progression of various diseases and the role of antioxidants in the maintenance of health and prevention of diseases has received much attention. The action and effect of antioxidants have been studied extensively under different reaction conditions in multiple media. The antioxidant effects are determined by many factors. This review aims to discuss several important issues that should be considered for determination of experimental conditions and interpretation of experimental results in order to understand the beneficial effects and limit of antioxidants against detrimental oxidation of biological molecules. Emphasis was laid on cell culture experiments and effects of diversity of multiple oxidants on antioxidant efficacy.

scholarly journals The use of classical methods and neural networks in deformation studies of hydrotechnical objects

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 718-725
Author(s):  
Maria Mrówczyńska ◽  
Jacek Sztubecki ◽  
Małgorzata Sztubecka ◽  
Izabela Skrzypczak
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Cylinder Surface ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Steel Cylinder ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Set Of Points

Abstract Objects’ measurements often boil down to the determination of changes due to external factors affecting on their structure. The estimation of changes in a tested object, in addition to proper measuring equipment, requires the use of appropriate measuring methods and experimental data result processing methods. This study presents a statement of results of geometrical measurements of a steel cylinder that constitutes the main structural component of the historical weir Czersko Polskie in Bydgoszcz. In the initial stage, the estimation of reliable changes taking place in the cylinder structure involved the selection of measuring points essential for mapping its geometry. Due to the continuous operation of the weir, the points covered only about one-third of the cylinder area. The set of points allowed us to determine the position of the cylinder axis as well as skews and deformations of the cylinder surface. In the next stage, the use of methods based on artificial neural networks allowed us to predict the changes in the tested object. Artificial neural networks have proved to be useful in determining displacements of building structures, particularly hydro-technical objects. The above-mentioned methods supplement classical measurements that create the opportunity for carrying out additional analyses of changes in a spatial position of such structures. The purpose of the tests is to confirm the suitability of artificial neural networks for predicting displacements of building structures, particularly hydro-technical objects.

scholarly journals Is it possible to estimate the need for surgical management in patients with a tubo-ovarian abscess at admission? A retrospective long-term analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Gözüküçük ◽  
Esra Gülen Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Laboratory Infection ◽  
Major Factors

Abstract Background This study aimed to determine the possible prognostic factors correlated with the treatment modalities of tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOAs) and thus to assess whether the need for surgery was predictable at the time of initial admission. Materials and methods Between January 2012 and December 2019, patients who were hospitalized with a TOA in our clinic were retrospectively recruited. The age of the patients, clinical and sonographic presentation, pelvic inflammatory risk factors, antibiotic therapy, applied surgical treatment, laboratory infection parameters, and length of hospital stay were recorded. Results The records of 115 patients hospitalized with a prediagnosis of TOA were reviewed for the current study. After hospitalization, TOA was ruled out in 19 patients, and data regarding 96 patients was included for analysis. Twenty-eight (29.2%) patients underwent surgical treatment due to failed antibiotic therapy. Sixty-eight (70.8%) were successfully treated with parenteral antibiotics. Medical treatment failure and need for surgery were more common in patients with a large abscess (volume, > 40 cm3, or diameter, > 5 cm). The group treated by surgical intervention was statistically older than the patients receiving medical treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusions Although the treatment in TOA may vary according to clinical, sonographic, and laboratory findings; age of patients, the abscess size, and volume were seen as the major factors affecting medical treatment failure. Moreover, TOA treatment should be planned on a more individual basis.

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