Dysbarism

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Lehnhardt
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Toxicity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Decompression Illness ◽  
Pulmonary Barotrauma ◽  
Gas Laws ◽  
Inner Ear Barotrauma

Dysbarism is defined as any medical condition that arises as a result of changes in ambient pressure. This review describes dysbarism with a focus on the undersea environment. Conditions discussed in this review include middle and inner ear barotrauma, pulmonary barotrauma, immersion pulmonary edema, decompression illness, and gas toxicities. For each, assessment and stabilization, treatment and disposition, and outcomes are presented. Figures show the AQUARIUS habitat for saturation diving; the anatomy of the external, middle, and inner ear; the Teed classification; the paranasal sinuses; and an example of a recompression chamber. Tables list the types of diving, gas laws relevant to diving, units of underwater pressure, compositions of typical breathing gas mixtures, decompression illness risk factors, symptoms of decompression illness (in order of frequency), signs and symptoms of decompression illness based on body system, maximum recommended depth to reduce the risk of central nervous system oxygen toxicity for various breathing gas mixtures, and progression of nitrogen narcosis symptoms with increasing depth. This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 9 tables, and 120 references.

scholarly journals Perfluorocarbons for the treatment of decompression illness: how to bridge the gap between theory and practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 119 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2421-2433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Mayer ◽  
Katja Bettina Ferenz
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Oxygen Carriers ◽  
Decompression Illness ◽  
Pulmonary Barotrauma ◽  
Human Usage ◽  
Respiratory Gases

Abstract Decompression illness (DCI) is a complex clinical syndrome caused by supersaturation of respiratory gases in blood and tissues after abrupt reduction in ambient pressure. The resulting formation of gas bubbles combined with pulmonary barotrauma leads to venous and arterial gas embolism. Severity of DCI depends on the degree of direct tissue damage caused by growing bubbles or indirect cell injury by impaired oxygen transport, coagulopathy, endothelial dysfunction, and subsequent inflammatory processes. The standard therapy of DCI requires expensive and not ubiquitously accessible hyperbaric chambers, so there is an ongoing search for alternatives. In theory, perfluorocarbons (PFC) are ideal non-recompressive therapeutics, characterized by high solubility of gases. A dual mechanism allows capturing of excess nitrogen and delivery of additional oxygen. Since the 1980s, numerous animal studies have proven significant benefits concerning survival and reduction in DCI symptoms by intravenous application of emulsion-based PFC preparations. However, limited shelf-life, extended organ retention and severe side effects have prevented approval for human usage by regulatory authorities. These negative characteristics are mainly due to emulsifiers, which provide compatibility of PFC to the aqueous medium blood. The encapsulation of PFC with amphiphilic biopolymers, such as albumin, offers a new option to achieve the required biocompatibility avoiding toxic emulsifiers. Recent studies with PFC nanocapsules, which can also be used as artificial oxygen carriers, show promising results. This review summarizes the current state of research concerning DCI pathology and the therapeutic use of PFC including the new generation of non-emulsified formulations based on nanocapsules.

Aerospace Medicine

2010 ◽  
pp. 233-250
Author(s):  
Lawrence Steinkraus ◽  
Jan Stepanek
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Care ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Space Vehicles ◽  
Decompression Illness ◽  
Transportation Of Patients ◽  
Aerospace Medicine ◽  
Gas Laws ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Vibration Noise

Aerospace medicine focuses on the clinical care, research, and operational support of the health, safety, and performance of crewmembers and passengers of air and space vehicles, together with the support personnel who assist operation of such vehicles. Understanding of the 5 basic gas laws aids understanding of aeromedically significant effects, specifically hypoxia, volume changes at higher altitudes, and decompression illness. Signs and symptoms of decompression illness may include pain in and around joints. More serious is the affliction of heart and lungs or neurologic problems. Physiologic stressors of commercial flight can include decreased partial pressure of oxygen, vibration, noise, humidity, expansion of trapped gases, and thermal stress. Aeromedical transportation of patients with more serious medical conditions requires appropriate equipment, staffing, and coordination of logistical issues. There are 15 specific conditions that disqualify aviators under FAA rules. The primary purpose of aircraft mishap investigations is to prevent future accidents, injuries, and fatalities. Accidents are investigated with multidisciplinary teams, including physicians, following standardized investigation guidelines.

Inner Ear Barotrauma

1972 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 556-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Freeman ◽  
C. Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Inner Ear Barotrauma

scholarly journals A CASE STUDY ON AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF VATAHATA VARTMA (PTOSIS)

2021 ◽  
Vol p5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2955-2959
Author(s):  
Sangeeta Neelannavar ◽  
Vijayamahantesh Hugar ◽  
Varsha Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Upper Eyelid ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Functional Deterioration

Vatahata Vartma is a condition of Vartma where in the Vartma-Shuklagata Sandhi is afflicted by vitiated Vata leading to Vimukta Sandhi (functional deterioration of the Shuklavartmagata Sandhi which facilitates the movement of eyelids), Nischeshta (no or reduced eyelids activity), Nimilayati (unable to close the eyelids). The signs and symptoms of Vatahata Vartma can be corelated to Ptosis in modern medical science. Ptosis is a medical condition in which there will be drooping or falling of upper eyelid. The condition worsens when there is exhaustion of the extra ocular muscles. This condition can be either uni-ocular or binocular. If the condition is left untreated, it can lead to complications. Surgical intervention is the only line of treatment mentioned for ptosis in contemporary science. Ayurveda has mentioned different treatment modalities for similar conditions. This paper highlights a case study of Vatahata Vartma (ptosis) managed with Ayurvedic line of treatment with Mukhabhyanga, Sweda, Nasya, Akshipindi and Akshi Tarpana. Keywords: Vatahata Vartma, Ptosis, Nasya, Akshitarpana, Akshipindi

Dysphagia in Persons With Communication Disorders

2018 ◽  
pp. 158-183
Author(s):  
Gayathri Krishnan ◽  
S. P. Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Transient Phase ◽  
Nutrition And Hydration ◽  
Underlying Medical Condition

Dysphagia (swallowing disorders) is any difficulty in swallowing that interferes with safe and adequate intake of nutrition and hydration requirements in an individual. It may present itself as a symptom of another underlying medical condition or as a consequence of surgical and pharmacological treatment. While in few, dysphagia resolves itself as a transient phase; in the rest, dysphagia demands immediate treatment. It may be seen as an associated dysfunction in persons with communication disorders (PsWCD) as speech and swallowing functions share many neuro-musculo-skeletal structures at the oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal level along with their central control processes. This chapter aims at introducing the readers to the signs and symptoms of dysphagia in PsWCD. This is expected to guide the team of professionals working with PsWCDin identification and making appropriate referrals to the concerned professional for effective intervention. This further can accelerate the progress and prognosis of PsWCD towards improved health, development, and quality of life.

scholarly journals Inner Ear Barotrauma

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 (Supplement3) ◽  
pp. 20-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Yanagita
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Inner Ear Barotrauma

Functional Patency of the Cochlear Aqueduct

1982 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Carlborg ◽  
Barbara Densert ◽  
Ove Densert
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Cochlear Aqueduct ◽  
Pressure Release ◽  
Release Capacity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pressure Changes

The perilymphatic (P P) and cerebrospinal fluid (P CSF) pressures were investigated in relation to pressure variations in the ear canal, middle ear and intracranial compartment before and after occlusion of the cochlear aqueduct (CA). Experiments using intracranial infusion showed that the CA was responsible for a perfect hydrodynamic balance between the CSF and the perilymph. There are indications of additional pressure release factors but their capacities were not sufficient to prevent the appearance of a longstanding and substantial pressure gradient following occlusion of the CA. A gradual P P build-up, from zero to its original level after the CA was opened and occluded, indicated perilymph production within the labyrinth. Investigation of pressure transfer from the ear canal and middle ear to the perilymph showed that the CA was the major pressure release route from the cochlea. Occlusion of the CA reduced the compliance of the inner ear and severely reduced the pressure release capacity. In such a situation the inner ear is almost incapable of equilibrating ambient pressure changes.

Embolic Inner Ear Decompression Illness: Correlation With a Right-to-Left Shunt

2003 ◽  
Vol 113 (8) ◽  
pp. 1356-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Klingmann ◽  
Peter John Benton ◽  
Peter Arthur Ringleb ◽  
Michael Knauth
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Decompression Illness
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document