Caustics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn A Farrugia ◽  
Kavita Babu
Keyword(s):  
Hydrofluoric Acid ◽  
Caustic Ingestion ◽  
Eye Injury ◽  
Chemical Burn ◽  
Chemical Burns ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Household Products ◽  
Autopsy Specimen ◽  
Acid Toxicity

A caustic is any substance capable of causing full-thickness damage on contact with healthy, intact tissue. Caustic agents are generally classified by pH as acids or bases. Irritants are those substances that do not produce true breakdown of tissue but cause discomfort and inflammation, such as vomiting, burning eyes, or coughing. This review covers caustic and irritant agents, dermal caustic exposure, caustic inhalation and pulmonary irritants, caustic ingestion, and ocular caustic exposure, along with special consideration of hydrofluoric acid, including hydrofluoric acid and dermal exposure, hydrofluoric acid ingestion, hydrofluoric acid inhalation, ocular hydrofluoric acid exposure, and systematic hydrofluoric acid toxicity. Figures show classification of burns; chemical burns; an autopsy specimen of the tongue, epiglottis, and esophagus after caustic ingestion; and an autopsy specimen of the stomach after caustic ingestion. Tables list common caustic and irritant agents, household products containing caustic and irritant agents, agents for which water or saline irrigation is not recommended, indications for endoscopy after caustic ingestion, ocular chemical burn management, and common chemicals and products containing fluoride. Key words: caustic eye injury, caustic ingestion, caustic injury, chemical burn, hydrofluoric acid, pulmonary irritants  This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 53 references.

Caustics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavita Babu ◽  
Lynn A Farrugia
Keyword(s):  
Hydrofluoric Acid ◽  
Caustic Ingestion ◽  
Eye Injury ◽  
Chemical Burn ◽  
Chemical Burns ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Household Products ◽  
Autopsy Specimen ◽  
Acid Toxicity

A caustic is any substance capable of causing full-thickness damage on contact with healthy, intact tissue. Caustic agents are generally classified by pH as acids or bases. Irritants are those substances that do not produce true breakdown of tissue but cause discomfort and inflammation, such as vomiting, burning eyes, or coughing. This review covers caustic and irritant agents, dermal caustic exposure, caustic inhalation and pulmonary irritants, caustic ingestion, and ocular caustic exposure, along with special consideration of hydrofluoric acid, including hydrofluoric acid and dermal exposure, hydrofluoric acid ingestion, hydrofluoric acid inhalation, ocular hydrofluoric acid exposure, and systematic hydrofluoric acid toxicity. Figures show classification of burns; chemical burns; an autopsy specimen of the tongue, epiglottis, and esophagus after caustic ingestion; and an autopsy specimen of the stomach after caustic ingestion. Tables list common caustic and irritant agents, household products containing caustic and irritant agents, agents for which water or saline irrigation is not recommended, indications for endoscopy after caustic ingestion, ocular chemical burn management, and common chemicals and products containing fluoride. Key words: caustic eye injury, caustic ingestion, caustic injury, chemical burn, hydrofluoric acid, pulmonary irritants  This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 53 references.

The efficacy of calcium gluconate in ocular hydrofluoric acid burns

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzchak Beiran ◽  
Benjamin Miller ◽  
Yedidia Bentur
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Calcium Gluconate ◽  
Topical Treatment ◽  
Hydrofluoric Acid ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Corneal Erosion ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Erosion Area

1 Although calcium gluconate (CG) is recommended in the treatment of hydrofluoric acid (HF) eye burn its efficacy seems to be controversial, and controlled human or animal studies are limited. The study's objective is to compare the efficacy of 1% CG and normal saline irrigation for the treatment of HF eye injury in animals. 2 0.05 ml 2% HF was instilled to anesthetized rabbit's eyes. One minute later, four treatment groups were studies: (1) irrigation with normal saline followed by topical antibiotics, corticosteroids and cycloplegics for 48 h ( n=10); (2) irrigation with 1% CG followed by the same topical treatment ( n=9); (3) as group 1 and 1% CG drops over 48 h ( n=10); (4) as group 3, and injection of 1% CG subconjunctivally after irrigation ( n=9). 3 Corneal erosion area, corneal haziness, conjunctival status, vascularization (pannus) and acidity were assessed before injury, immediately after intitial treatment and 1, 2, 7 and 14 days thereafter by slit lamp aided by fluorescein staining. 4 Conjunctival pH dropped from 6.0 - 6.5 to 2.5 - 3 after injury and increased to 6 - 6.5 after irrigation. Corneal erosion: smaller in groups 2, 3, significantly so at 2 days, but not different at 14 days. Corneal haziness: more severe in group 4, at 14 days, insignificant. Conjunctival damage: significantly worse in group 4 at 2, 7 and 14 days. Pannus appeared in 2 - 4 eyes in each group. 5 It seems that for HF injury 1% CG did not have any significant advantage over saline irrigation and topical treatment only. It might have some initial and temporary effect on healing process especially that involving erosion. Given subconjunctivally, 1% CG may be toxic and worsens clinical outcome.

scholarly journals Investigating the Prevalence of Peripheral Neuropathy in Chemical Burns

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Ladan Masoumi ◽  
◽  
Seyed Ehsan Daneshmand ◽  
Sharareh Roshanzamir ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Chemical Burn ◽  
Chemical Burns ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: With the growing number and variety of chemical agents used in industry and for home purposes, chemical burns and their consequences have drawn physicians’ attention. Involvement of the nervous system that is a major consequence of systemic chemical exposure can be problematic in local chemical burns, as well. This study was designed to evaluate the peripheral nervous system in chemical burn victims. Objectives: Investigating the peripheral neuropathy prevalence in patients with chemical burn in a Burn Hospital, Shiraz. performing electrodiagnostic (EDX) study for all patients both on tibial and median nerve based on the reference data and in order to rule out polyneuropathy. Examining Motor nerve conduction velocities using standard procedures with concentric needle electrodes among all samples. Defining Peripheral neuropathies scored as mono- or polyneuropathy compared with the number of involved nerves. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 59 patients with chemical burns were recruited from those referring to Shiraz Central Burn Hospital. The patients underwent a nerve conducting study besides electromyography in order to evaluate the tibial and median nerves after filling the informed consent. Also, a questionnaire covering the demographic data, the chemical agent responsible for the burn, and some other relevant information was given to each patient. The incidence of peripheral neuropathy and distance was calculated with a 95% incidence. Results: Twenty-three patients (38.9%) had peripheral neuropathy, of whom 19 cases (32.2%) had mono-neuropathy and 4 cases (6.78%) had poly-neuropathy. Axonotmesis was frequently found in patients with mono-neuropathy. The most frequent chemical agent responsible for burn was acid (56.4%). Hands were the most common site of burn (n=22 35.4%). We also evaluated the mean of total body burned surface area as 2.24±1.03% (1-9%). Conclusion: Based on our results, peripheral neuropathy has a high prevalence in localized chemical burns.

scholarly journals Wound healing effect of “Prolidoxid” and “Dexpanthenol with ceramides”: a сomparative study based on the model of chemical burns with expressed alterative skin processes

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Yaroslava Butko ◽  
Oksana Tkachova ◽  
Tetyana Tishakova ◽  
Anatoly Gordienko ◽  
Yevhen Bondariev
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Wound Treatment ◽  
Chemical Burn ◽  
Therapeutic Action ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Chemical Burns ◽  
Accelerate Wound Healing ◽  
Healing Effect ◽  
Wound Healing Effect

Pharmacotherapy of chemical skin injuries remains an urgent issue today due to its serious health consequences and possible development of complications. Topical treatment is one of the most effective methods of wound treatment using hydrophilic ointments and creams. For now, range of hydrophilic medicinal products with a broad spectrum of action is limited. That is why a search and development of new hydrophilic ointments and creams remains an urgent challenge. The aim. The aim of this research was to study effectiveness of ointment “Prolidoxid” and cream “Dexpanthenol with ceramides” on the experimental chemical burn model in rats. Materials and methods. Wound healing effect of ointment “Prolidoxid” and cream “Dexpanthenol with ceramides” was proved by the study of planimetric and hematological parameters on the model of acetic acid burns in rats. Results. Using animal model of chemical burns it was found that ointment “Prolidoxid” and cream “Dexpanthenol with ceramides” accelerate wound healing on Day 5 and Day 6, consequently, compared to untreated control animals, but in comparison with the action of reference medicine wounds were healed two days faster. Hematological parameters showed that studied medicines inhibit inflammation and reactivate blood rheological properties. Conclusions. The results suggest that effectiveness of cream “Dexpanthenol with ceramides” is higher than for one-component cream “Dexpanthenol”, but ointment “Prolidoxid” exceeds therapeutic action of ointment “Wundahyl” as reported by hematological and planimetric parameters

scholarly journals Hydrofluoric Acid: Burns and Systemic Toxicity, Protective Measures, Immediate and Hospital Medical Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 2257-2269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilija Bajraktarova-Valjakova ◽  
Vesna Korunoska-Stevkovska ◽  
Silvana Georgieva ◽  
Kiro Ivanovski ◽  
Cvetanka Bajraktarova-Misevska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Hydrofluoric Acid ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Systemic Toxicity ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Hospital Medical ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
Household Products ◽  
Systemic Disorder ◽  
Toxic Potential

BACKGROUND: Hydrofluoric acid is a commonly used chemical in many industrial branches, but it can also be found as an ingredient in household products such as cleaning agents. Possessing high corrosive potential, HF acid causes burns and tissue necrosis, while when absorbed and distributed through the bloodstream, its extremely high toxic potential is expressed. Acute symptoms are often followed by pain, particularly in the case of skin burns, which intensiveness does not often correlate with the expressiveness of the clinical findings. Even exposure to low-concentrated solutions or gasses, or low-doses of high-concentrated acid, may provoke delayed systemic disorder which may eventually have a lethal outcome. AIM: Therefore, having information regarding the possible hazardous effects of hydrofluoric acid usage, a variety of symptoms, as well as a treatment approach, is of great importance in the case of HF exposure. METHODS: Available scientific articles published in literature databases, scientific reports and governmental recommendations from the internet websites, written in English, using the following search terms “Hydrofluoric acid, skin burns, eye injury, ingestion, inhalation, systemic toxicity, decontamination, antidote, medical treatment” have been reviewed. RESULTS: This review is useful not only for physicians but for everyone who may come in contact with a person exposed to HF acid. CONCLUSION: It highlights the mechanism of action, presents the acute and chronic symptoms, personal and general protective measures and devices that should be used, as well as decontamination procedures, immediate, antidote and hospital medical treatment.

Dermal Hydrofluoric Acid Toxicity Case Review: Looks Can Be Deceiving

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Sarah Hoffmann ◽  
Parth Parikh ◽  
Kristin Bohnenberger
Keyword(s):  
Hydrofluoric Acid ◽  
Case Review ◽  
Acid Toxicity

Chemical burn in domestic setting with an uncommon agent: hydrofluoric acid

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Korcan Demir ◽  
Durgul Ozdemir ◽  
Alpaslan Topcu ◽  
Murat Duman ◽  
Haluk Vayvada
Keyword(s):  
Hydrofluoric Acid ◽  
Chemical Burn ◽  
Domestic Setting

Corneal Endothelial Decompensation after Ocular Chemical Burn: Description of a New Finding

2019 ◽  
Vol 236 (04) ◽  
pp. 371-376
Author(s):  
Alexandra Steinemann ◽  
Frank Blaser ◽  
Eitan Livny ◽  
Philipp Baenninger ◽  
Marvin Marti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Complication ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
Chemical Burn ◽  
Chemical Burns ◽  
Corneal Epithelial ◽  
Corneal Erosion ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Chemical Injuries ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Endothelial Decompensation

Abstract Background Ocular chemical burn is an ophthalmological emergency. Therefore, chemical injuries should be promptly addressed in order to initiate the appropriate treatment as soon as possible and optimize the visual prognosis. We present a retrospective study of ten cases with ocular chemical burn including one with superglue and one with a liquid plaster material injury and describe their clinical course. History and Signs Ten adult patients (34 – 92 years, 8 males) presented with moderate to severe alkali or neutral chemical burns in our emergency clinics. They exhibited a variable degree of conjunctival injection, limbal ischemia, corneal erosion, and Descemetʼs folds. Therapy and Outcome Patients were treated and complete corneal epithelial closure was achieved in all cases without significant signs of limbal stem cell insufficiency. Corneal endothelial insufficiency was observed in all cases. Nine patients had to be listed for corneal endothelial keratoplasty and one was treated with Descemetʼs stripping endothelial automated keratoplasty. Conclusions Isolated corneal endothelial decompensation after chemical burns has not yet been described. The pathophysiological explanation of this observation remains, however, unknown. In view of this rare complication, it is important to follow patients after chemical ocular burn for possible development of endothelial decompensation.

A rare case of chemical burns caused by a mixture of sulphuric acid and hydrofluoric acid

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 785-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanhai Zhang ◽  
Liangfang Ni ◽  
Chunjiang Ye ◽  
Jianfen Zhang ◽  
Xingang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Hydrofluoric Acid ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Chemical Burns
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