Medical Imaging of the Airway

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert S Tang
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Mediastinal Mass ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Spine Injury ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Faraday’S Law ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Abnormal Anatomy

Non-invasive imaging techniques such as ultrasonography, x-ray, computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide details about airway anatomy that complement the physical examination. They are of particular value in patients with traumatic injury, malignancy, abscess, foreign body or mass in the airway that displace, distort, disrupt, encroach or compress airway structures in ways that may not be readily apparent otherwise. Many anesthesiologists do not receive formal training in interpreting medical imaging, and a thorough discussion of this subject is beyond the scope of this review. Interpreting the subtleties of normal and abnormal anatomy require years of experience and best left to expert radiologists. The goal here is to introduce the imaging techniques available and examples of clinical applications in airway evaluation of interest to the anesthesiologist. This review contains 12 figures, 2 tables, and 37 references. Keywords: piezoelectric effect, photoelectric interaction, Faraday’s law, pneumothorax, cervical spine injury, LeFort fracture, foreign body, airway infection, mediastinal mass

scholarly journals Study of Osteocyte Behavior by High-Resolution Intravital Imaging Following Photo-Induced Ischemia

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2874
Author(s):  
Hengfeng Yuan ◽  
Wen Jiang ◽  
Yuanxin Chen ◽  
Betty Kim
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Avascular Osteonecrosis ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Behavioral Dynamics ◽  
Bony Anatomy ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Ischemic injuries and local hypoxia can result in osteocytes dysfunction and play a key role in the pathogenesis of avascular osteonecrosis. Conventional imaging techniques including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) can reveal structural and functional changes within bony anatomy; however, characterization of osteocyte behavioral dynamics in the setting of osteonecrosis at the single cell resolution is limited. Here, we demonstrate an optical approach to study real-time osteocyte functions in vivo. Using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as a biomarker for metabolic dynamics in osteocytes, we showed that NADH level within osteocytes transiently increase significantly after local ischemia through non-invasive photo-induced thrombosis of afferent arterioles followed by a steady decline. Our study presents a non-invasive optical approach to study osteocyte behavior through the modulation of local environmental conditions. Thus it provides a powerful toolkit to study cellular processes involved in bone pathologies in vivo.

EEG Based Detection of Alcoholics

2019 ◽  
pp. 141-160
Author(s):  
T. K. Padma Shri ◽  
N. Sriraam
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Signal Processing Algorithms ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Neuro Imaging

The short term and long term effects of alcohol on various organs of the body, especially on the human brain is well established by numerous studies. Invasive methods such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and non invasive imaging techniques such as Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and functional MRI activated electro-encephalogram (EEG) have been used to study the changes in EEG activity due to alcoholism. Even with the advent of neuro imaging techniques, EEG happens to be an important tool for brain study providing a non- invasive and cost effective method to detect the effects of alcohol on the human brain. This paper discusses the harmful effects of alcohol on different organs of the body. The advances in the development of EEG signal processing algorithms over the past decade for alcoholic detection are reviewed and their limitations are reported. Further the use of EEG for mass screening of alcoholics and biometric application is discussed in detail.

EEG Based Detection of Alcoholics

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. Padma Shri ◽  
N. Sriraam
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Neuro Imaging

The short term and long term effects of alcohol on various organs of the body, especially on the human brain is well established by numerous studies. Invasive methods such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and non invasive imaging techniques such as Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and functional MRI activated electro-encephalogram (EEG) have been used to study the changes in EEG activity due to alcoholism. Even with the advent of neuro imaging techniques, EEG happens to be an important tool for brain study providing a non- invasive and cost effective method to detect the effects of alcohol on the human brain. This paper discusses the harmful effects of alcohol on different organs of the body. The advances in the development of EEG signal processing algorithms over the past decade for alcoholic detection are reviewed and their limitations are reported. Further the use of EEG for mass screening of alcoholics and biometric application is discussed in detail.

scholarly journals Calcium fluoride based multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1484-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Straßer ◽  
Joachim H X Schrauth ◽  
Sofia Dembski ◽  
Daniel Haddad ◽  
Bernd Ahrens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Tissue Characterization ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Lanthanide Ions ◽  
Multifunctional Nanoparticles ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Chemical Procedure

New multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) that can be used as contrast agents (CA) in different imaging techniques, such as photoluminescence (PL) microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), open new possibilities for medical imaging, e.g., in the fields of diagnostics or tissue characterization in regenerative medicine. The focus of this study is on the synthesis and characterization of CaF2:(Tb3+,Gd3+) NPs. Fabricated in a wet-chemical procedure, the spherical NPs with a diameter of 5–10 nm show a crystalline structure. Simultaneous doping of the NPs with different lanthanide ions, leading to paramagnetism and fluorescence, makes them suitable for MR and PL imaging. Owing to the Gd3+ ions on the surface, the NPs reduce the MR T 1 relaxation time constant as a function of their concentration. Thus, the NPs can be used as a MRI CA with a mean relaxivity of about r = 0.471 mL·mg−1·s−1. Repeated MRI examinations of four different batches prove the reproducibility of the NP synthesis and determine the long-term stability of the CAs. No cytotoxicity of NP concentrations between 0.5 and 1 mg·mL−1 was observed after exposure to human dermal fibroblasts over 24 h. Overall this study shows, that the CaF2:(Tb3+,Gd3+) NPs are suitable for medical imaging.

Design of a MRI-Visible and Radiopaque Drug Delivery Coating for Bioresorbable Stents

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy C. Goodfriend ◽  
Tré R. Welch ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Kytai T. Nguyen ◽  
Romaine F. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Cardiovascular Stents ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Bioresorbable Stent ◽  
Theranostic Agents ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Coating Design

Cardiovascular stents are currently being used for intraluminal stenting of the trachea for tracheomalacia treatment. These devices composed of permanent materials are controversial due to their limitations at internal reinforcement and biocompatibility, especially in pediatrics. We show in a pediatric tracheomalacia rabbit model, a poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) Double Opposed Helical bioresorbable stent (DH) elicits a more mild inflammatory response in the malacic airway compared to a control metal stent. To further improve efficacy, a multi-drug delivery, bioresorbable coating was designed. The coating design controllably delivers ciprofloxacin (antibiotic) for one week and dexamethasone (anti-inflammatory agent) for three months. The bioresorbable polymeric components also demonstrate feasible visibility utilizing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The local multi-drug delivery and imaging capabilities in this coating design in combination with the bioresorbable DH stent will result in a successful intervention specifically design for pediatric tracheomalacia. This design will eliminate long-term risks associated with current permanent devices and provide necessary theranostic agents to facilitate healing and monitor progress via non-invasive imaging techniques.

Non-convulsive brain stimulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 291-310
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Caulfield ◽  
Mark S. George
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Before 1990, neurologists and psychiatrists could not readily image or examine (except at death) their main organ of study, the brain, causing clinical neuroscience to lag behind the rest of medicine. In the past 30 years, new brain-imaging techniques (positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) have allowed neuropsychiatrists to play catch-up, equipped with a more detailed and complex understanding of functional neuroanatomy. Researchers could then theorize about how circuit-based dysfunction might cause psychiatric diseases. In addition to the tools of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and brain surgery, we now have a rapidly expanding therapeutic toolkit of non-invasive brain-stimulation devices. This chapter presents a representative landmark imaging paper from the functional imaging revolution, and four device-based papers (two on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and one each on transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)). These papers broadly cover the path that led to the exciting current and future possibilities for therapeutic non-invasive brain stimulation.

MRI and MRA Diagnosis of Intracranial Aneurysms

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 178-182
Author(s):  
Guang Qian Ji ◽  
Jun Wei ◽  
Yu Tian
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysm ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Line Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Arteries And Veins ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Diagnostic Pitfalls

With the development of modern medical imaging technology, computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and other ways widely used, more and more intracranial aneurysms were diagnosed. In the imaging methods described above, MRI is a non-invasive diagnostic method for intracranial aneurysm which shows in detail the aneurysm and its relationship to the brain, and it has become first-line imaging techniques in assessment of the patient with suspected intracranial aneurysm. MRA can show the arteries and veins of the brain as well as the aneurysm. Nowadays, MRI and MRA are extensively used in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms, intracranial aneurysms after treatment and intracranial aneurysms inflammation. This review describes the advantages of MRI and MRA for diagnosis and describes diagnostic pitfalls.

The Use of Computer Systems in the Design of Hip Replacements

2015 ◽  
Vol 791 ◽  
pp. 328-334
Author(s):  
Piotr Penkała ◽  
Katarzyna Kiryczuk
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Hip Replacement ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Orthopedic Procedures ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hip Replacements ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Hip replacement is one of the most commonly performed orthopedic procedures. The implant prosthesis is used in the treatment of lesions within the joint or damage caused by mechanical stress. The main factors are disease, that indication for arthroplasty include: rheumatoid arthritis, advanced degenerative changes, fractures proximal epiphysis of the femur and femoral head necrosis. The design elements of hip replacements and analysis of preclinical surgical implant mobilized towards the use of medical imaging techniques. It is this end, the patient qualified for arthroplasty are tested using one of the methods of radiological examination (X-ray), computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The date obtained as a result of medical imaging are stored in the DICOM format ( Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine). It is a standard established that create and exchange of medical images obtained as a result of various diagnostic methods. DICOM medical device obtains the information about the structure of data stored in a file or a sequence of files, and how to communicate with any device and program for their transfer. Contains data to interpret and process correctly the files, regardless of the equipment, that generated them. Additionally, it has the calibration information, which allows you to take measurements and calculations using the browser's [1].

scholarly journals Clinical application of pet

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (spe2) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Lomeña ◽  
Marina Soler
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging modality that gives information on tissue metabolism and functionalism, different from other imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provide anatomical or structural information. PET has reached its development in biomedical research because of its capacity to use analogous compounds of many endogenous substance as tracers, and to measure, in vivo and in a non-invasive way, their consumption by the different organs and tissues of the mammalian body. Fluordeoxyglucose-F18 (FDG) PET has been proven to be a tracer adequate for clinical use in oncology and in many neurological diseases, with an excellent cost-efficiency ratio. The current PET-CT scanners can come to be the best tools for exploring patients who suffer from cancer.

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