Sunscreens: Past, Present, and Future

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. S14-S21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Provost ◽  
Ian Landells ◽  
Stuart Maddin
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
General Population ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Uv Protection ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sunscreen Use ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Fair Skin ◽  
Better Than

Sunscreens form an important modality for cutaneous photoprotection. Sunscreen formulations incorporate many features that provide protection from ultraviolet (UV)-induced carcinogenesis, immunosuppression, and accelerated photoaging. Since the 1920s, when the link between skin cancer and UV radiation was first observed, sunscreen use has become part of our daily routine. Chemical and physical modifications are continuously made to formulations so that they may be more appealing to the general population, especially to those with fair skin. The demand for a formula that is effective in its UV protection while at the same time is adoptable in its application and exposure characteristics is an important consideration in the development of sunscreens. Because of continued development, technological advances, and substantive gains in knowledge on UV-induced photodamage, at present, we are able to produce effective formulations, and although these formulations do not provide total spectrum protection, they are considerably better than sunscreens of the past.

Kant's Theological Constructivism

1993 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adina Davidovich
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
Will To Power ◽  
Liberal Theology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Better Than

Our generation celebrates its freedom from the constricting yoke of the imperial age of grand systems. It joyfully rebels against abstract thinking and disavows preoccupation with systematicity, which none epitomized better than Immanuel Kant, according to whose daily routine the women of Königsberg allegedly set their clocks. Contemporary liberal theology claims that we can no longer believe in a universal disembodied reason that is free from the constraints of particular circumstances. Our thinking, it alleges, reflects interests and desires. Theories serve our will to power and are to be interpreted not by appeal to an aloof rationality, but through analysis of our needs and inclinations. Freedom, however, produces new trepidations. Confronted with radical implications of their convictions, very few are willing to regard their theologies as relatively valid. Tending to reject the past yet wary of anarchy, contemporary liberal theology seeks a method that is attuned to contingent circumstances and avoids the pitfalls of unbridled relativism. I suggest that in our haste to defy and overthrow past masters, we deprive ourselves of profound insights that could guide a quest for resolution. As a case in point, I propose that if we are willing to look afresh at Kant and explore central elements of his system that have been obscured by an overzealous portrayal of his thought as a rigoristic abstract formalism, we shall find clues for escaping the impossible choice between absolutism and relativism.

scholarly journals An assessment of the English and maths skills levels of prisoners in England

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R Creese
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Prison Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
Numeracy Skills ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Reducing Recidivism ◽  
A Current ◽  
Better Than

Although the direct links between education and reducing recidivism in prisoners are problematic, there is little argument that education is a factor in promoting reintegration and rehabilitation. There is a current focus in prison education on education for employment, and yet there are no recent or unambiguous data about the skills levels of the prison population. The most often quoted figures are both 15 years out of date and deeply flawed in terms of their comparisons with the general population. This article sets out a new study that takes the mandatory initial assessments carried out on every new prisoner between August 2014 and July 2015 and compares them with the national Skills for Life survey conducted in 2011. This provides us with some hard facts about the English and maths skills of the past year's intake of prisoners. The conclusions argue that while the numeracy skills of prisoners are better than previously understood, the cohort has extremely poor literacy skills, and addressing these needs should be a priority for government.

Sun Exposure, Sunscreens, and Skin Cancer Prevention: A Year-Round Concern

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 662-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C Farmer ◽  
Mark F Naylor ◽  
Juan Roca-Acén ◽  
Marie Larouche
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Sunscreen Use

Objective To review the role of sunlight in skin aging and skin cancer formation, and to provide guidelines on the use of sunscreens to minimize the adverse effects of sun damage. Data Sources A MEDLINE search of applicable articles on ultraviolet (UV) radiation, melanoma, sunscreens, and skin cancer, evaluating both human and animal studies. Published and unpublished original research as well as clinical experience were also used. Data Synthesis The interaction of UV radiation and skin type plays a central role in melanoma formation. Mortality from melanoma is highest in geographic locations near the equator, where UV intensity is greatest. The incidence of melanomas in light-complected individuals (skin types I-III) is several times higher than those with darker skin types (types IV-VI), even in similar geographic regions. The UVB portion of the spectrum appears to be primarily responsible for skin cancer formation and photoaging, while short wave UVA rays play a significant contributing role. Regular sunscreen use has been shown to reduce the formation of precancerous actinic keratoses (AK) lesions by 36%. A dose-response relationship has also been found between the amount of sunscreen used and AK formation. Conclusions Sunscreens have now been shown to reduce the carcinogenic effects of sunlight in humans. Patients should be advised of the long-term consequences of sun exposure and the benefits of regular sunscreen use.

scholarly journals Direct Application of Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Leaves Extract on Cotton Fabric: A Potential to Prevent UV Induced Skin Problems

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepti Pargai ◽  
Shahnaz Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Uv Protection ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Environmental Friendly

UV radiation causes various skin problems starting from reddening of skin to the change in the shape of DNA which further leads to the skin cancer. Considering harmful effect of UV radiation present study was designed to develop an environmental friendly UV protective finish for cotton fabric using Vitis vinifera leaves. Process parameters of the study were optimized using response surface methodology for getting maximum UV protection while maintaining other physical properties of the fabric. It was found that 9.038 % concentration of extract with 60 minutes of exhaustion time at 40.909oC exhaustion temperature were selected as optimum conditions for application of Vitis vinifera extract on cotton fabric. It can be concluded that application of Vitis vinifera extract on cotton fabric incorporates UV protection properties on cotton fabric which can be helpful to prevent various UV induced skin problems.

scholarly journals Awareness to sun exposure and use of sunscreen by the general population

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad A. Al Robaee
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
General Population ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Sunscreen Use ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Married Individuals ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Sun exposure has a pathogenic effect on the development of skin cancer, whose prevalence increases worldwide. Educational programs are carried out to change high risk sun exposure behaviours. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of Saudi population regarding sun exposure and the risk of skin cancers, as well as to study their sun-protective attitudes and practices. A cross-sectional population-based survey using specially devised questionnaire on a stratified random sample of general population in Qassim Province between January and March 2010. One thousand three hundred and seventy six persons participated in the study. A high sun exposure of more than 10 hours per week was reported by 661 persons (48%). Fifty six percent of respondents were aware of the association between sun exposure and skin cancer but the rate of sun screen use was only 8.3%. Socio-demographic factors more likely to be associated with sunscreen use were: females, higher social class, higher levels of education, type 4 skin and married individuals. This study has indicated a low rate of sunscreen use by our population despite reasonably good knowledge about the hazards of sun exposure. This necessitates the need for health education program. We hope that the results of our study will be used for setting up a sun policy for Saudi general public.

FM Verification for the 21 st Century

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leisha Eiten ◽  
Dawna Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Current Technology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Children With Hearing Loss

Background: For children with hearing loss, the benefits of FM systems in overcoming deleterious effects of noise, distance, and reverberation have led to recommendations for use beyond classroom settings. It is important that audiologists who recommend and fit these devices understand the rationale and procedures underlying fitting and verification. Objectives: This article reviews previousguidelines for FM verification, addresses technological advances, and introduces verification procedures appropriate for current FM and hearing-aid technology. Methods: Previous guidelines for verification of FM systems are reviewed. Those recommendations that are appropriate for current technology are addressed, as are procedures that are no longer adequate for hearing aids and FM systems utilizing more complex processing than in the past. Technological advances are discussed, and an updated approach to FM verification is proposed. Conclusions: Approaches to verification andfitting of FM systems must keep pace with advances in hearing-aid and FM technology. The transparency approach addressed in this paper is recommended for verification of FM systems coupled to hearing aids.

Recovery boiler sootblowers: History and technological advances

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
HONGHI TRAN ◽  
DANNY TANDRA
Keyword(s):  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Recovery Boilers ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Recovery Boiler ◽  
Steam Parameters ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Deposit Removal

Sootblowing technology used in recovery boilers originated from that used in coal-fired boilers. It started with manual cleaning with hand lancing and hand blowing, and evolved slowly into online sootblowing using retractable sootblowers. Since 1991, intensive research and development has focused on sootblowing jet fundamentals and deposit removal in recovery boilers. The results have provided much insight into sootblower jet hydrodynamics, how a sootblower jet interacts with tubes and deposits, and factors influencing its deposit removal efficiency, and have led to two important innovations: fully-expanded sootblower nozzles that are used in virtually all recovery boilers today, and the low pressure sootblowing technology that has been implemented in several new recovery boilers. The availability of powerful computing systems, superfast microprocessors and data acquisition systems, and versatile computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling capability in the past two decades has also contributed greatly to the advancement of sootblowing technology. High quality infrared inspection cameras have enabled mills to inspect the deposit buildup conditions in the boiler during operation, and helped identify problems with sootblower lance swinging and superheater platens and boiler bank tube vibrations. As the recovery boiler firing capacity and steam parameters have increased markedly in recent years, sootblowers have become larger and longer, and this can present a challenge in terms of both sootblower design and operation.

Catholicism and Cosmopolitanism: the Confluence of Three Catholic Scholars and the Cosmopolitan Democrats on State Sovereignty and the Future of Global Governance

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Matthew Bagot
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Jacques Maritain ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cosmopolitan Democracy ◽  
Catholic Tradition

One of the central questions in international relations today is how we should conceive of state sovereignty. The notion of sovereignty—’supreme authority within a territory’, as Daniel Philpott defines it—emerged after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 as a result of which the late medieval crisis of pluralism was settled. But recent changes in the international order, such as technological advances that have spurred globalization and the emerging norm of the Responsibility to Protect, have cast the notion of sovereignty into an unclear light. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the current debate regarding sovereignty by exploring two schools of thought on the matter: first, three Catholic scholars from the past century—Luigi Sturzo, Jacques Maritain, and John Courtney Murray, S.J.—taken as representative of Catholic tradition; second, a number of contemporary political theorists of cosmopolitan democracy. The paper argues that there is a confluence between the Catholic thinkers and the cosmopolitan democrats regarding their understanding of state sovereignty and that, taken together, the two schools have much to contribute not only to our current understanding of sovereignty, but also to the future of global governance.

Implementasi Algoritma Hamming Distance dan Brute Force dalam Mendeteksi Kemiripan Source Code Bahasa Pemrograman C

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Budiman ◽  
Dennis Gunawan ◽  
Seng Hansun
Keyword(s):  
College Presidents ◽  
Hamming Distance ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Structural Type ◽  
Brute Force ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Index Terms ◽  
Better Than

Plagiarism is a behavior that causes violence of copyrights. Survey shows 55% of college presidents say that plagiarism in students’ papers has increased over the past 10 years. Therefore, an application for detecting plagiarism is needed, especially for teachers. This plagiarism checker application is made by using Visual C# 2010. The plagiarism checker uses hamming distance algorithm for matching line code of the source code. This algorithm works by matching the same length string of the code programs. Thus, it needs brute will be matched with hamming distance. Another important thing for detecting plagiarism is the preprocessing, which is used to help the algorithm for detecting plagiarized source code. This paper shows that the application works good in detecting plagiarism, the hamming distance algorithm and brute force algorithm works better than levenstein distance algorithm for detecting structural type of plagiarism and this thesis also shows that the preprocessing could help the application to increase its percentage and its accuracy. Index Terms—Brute Force, Hamming Distance, Plagiarisme, Preprocessing.

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