The Interactive Effects of Ex Post Goal Adjustment and Goal Difficulty on Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khim Ong Kelly ◽  
R. Alan Webb ◽  
Thomas Vance
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Goal Adjustment ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Positive Effect

ABSTRACT Despite the common use of performance goals to motivate employees and the use of ex post goal adjustments to filter out the effects of unforeseen and uncontrollable events, minimal research has examined the consequences of employing them jointly. We predict that the availability of ex post goal adjustments will have a positive effect on performance and that this effect will be stronger when the ex ante goal difficulty level is moderate rather than difficult. Moreover, we predict that these effects will be mediated by perceptions of procedural justice. Results from an experiment completed by 142 undergraduate students support our predictions. The availability of ex post goal adjustments has positive effects on procedural fairness perceptions and performance under the moderate goal, but has no such effects under the difficult goal. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Collective experience of inclusion, diversity, and performance in work groups

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo M. Ferdman ◽  
Avi Avigdor ◽  
Deborah Braun ◽  
Jennifer Konkin ◽  
Daniel Kuzmycz
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Work Group ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Multiple Identity ◽  
Collective Experience ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Experience Of Inclusion ◽  
Inclusion And Diversity

This conceptual paper addresses the presumed interactive effects of work group inclusion and diversity on work group performance. Building on prior theory and research focusing on individual-level inclusion, we put forth the construct of collective experience of inclusion, the aggregated degree to which members of a group feel valued by, engaged with, and able to express themselves authentically within their work group, both as individuals and as members of multiple identity groups. We propose that collective experience of inclusion will be positively associated with indicators of the group's performance. This relationship, we further propose, will be moderated by the diversity of the group's membership, such that, as diversity increases, the positive effects of the collective experience of inclusion on performance will be enhanced. Finally, we propose that variation in the degree to which individuals experience inclusion in the group, as assessed with an index of dispersion in the experience of inclusion, will further moderate this effect, and attenuate the positive interactive effects of collective experience of inclusion and diversity on performance.

Resource and Risk Management in the Strategic Alliance Making Process

1998 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. Das ◽  
Bing-Sheng Teng
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Strategic Alliance ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Alliance Partners ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relational Risk

Resource-based and risk-based views of strategic alliances have not been adequately reflected in the literature. This paper identifies four types of critical resources that the partners bring to an alliance: financial, technological, physical, and managerial resource. It also suggests two basic types of risk in strategic alliances: relational risk and performance risk. The alliance making process is examined in terms of the interactive effects of resource and risk on the orientations and objectives of the prospective alliance partners. Managerial implications are discussed and future research directions indicated in the form of propositions for empirical testing.

Reclaiming Personality Traits for Personnel Selection: Self-Esteem as an Illustrative Case

1988 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Hollenbeck ◽  
Ellen M. Whitener
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Personality Measures ◽  
And Performance

Previous reviews documenting the low validity and utility associ-ated with personality measures should not lead researchers in the area of personnel selection to abandon the use of such variables. The lack offindings in past research can be explained by (a) misspecification of the model by anticipating direct effects; (b) inadequate statistical power; and (c) contamination of measures by relying on self-report or observational methods. An alternative model in which personality measures have interactive effects with ability tests in predicting per-formance provides a stronger theoretical rationale to support a rela-tionship between personality variables and performance. Sample sizes also need to be increased significantly in order to provide adequate tests of the validity of personality measures in personnel selection. Measures of personality traits based on perception and judgment pro-vide a more promising approach to obtaining less contaminated in-dices. Future research that avoids the problems of the past may pro-vide a more positive picture of the utility of personality traits as screening devices.

scholarly journals Effect of Instructionally Embedded Formative Assessment on Students' Motivation to Learn at Higher Education Level

2020 ◽  
Vol V (I) ◽  
pp. 488-499
Author(s):  
Shumaila Hameed ◽  
Mumtaz Akhter
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Formative Assessment ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Experimental Group

Formative assessment is known for its positive effects it has on students' achievement. This study was designed to find out the effect of formative assessment on students' motivation at the higher education level. This study was experimental in nature; intact pre-test post-test control group design was used for data collection purpose. Sample of the study was selected conveniently, which comprised of undergraduate students. Students belonging to the experimental group were taught with instructional embedded formative assessment, whereas students belonging to the control group were taught with formal teaching methods. Students of both groups were required to fill a motivation questionnaire at the start and end of the study to check the level of intervention. Data collected through pre-test and post-test were analyzed using SPSS. The findings of the current study had suggested that instructional embedded formative assessment had a significant positive effect on students' motivation towards learning at the higher education level.

Performance Appraisal Politics in the Public Sector: The Effects of Political Skill and Social Similarity on Performance Rating

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-261
Author(s):  
Hyang Won Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Political Skill ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Performance Rating ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Interpersonal Influence ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Skill Dimensions ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the main effects of a subordinate’s (ratee) political skill dimensions (social astuteness, apparent sincerity, interpersonal influence, and networking ability) on supervisor (rater) performance rating and further analyzed the interactive effects of social similarity in the subordinate–supervisor dyad on the relationship between political skill dimension and performance rating. To test these relationships, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used on a matched sample of 337 subordinate–supervisor dyads who worked in South Korea’s central government. Findings showed that subordinates with higher social astuteness, interpersonal influence, and networking abilities (but not apparent sincerity) will likely achieve more positive supervisor ratings. More importantly, the relationship between these political skill dimensions and performance ratings is stronger when there is greater social similarity between a subordinate (ratee) and his or her supervisor (rater). The findings’ practical and academic implications and future research directions are discussed.

scholarly journals Organizational culture, strategic planning and performance: empirical evidence from organizations in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.10) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Sarminah Samad
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the influence of strategic planning on organizational performance of selected government organizations in Malaysia. Consequently, it determined the moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between strategic planning and organizational performance. A quantitative study was carried out on a sample of 291 officers in Malaysian government organizations. The obtained data based on self-administered questionnaires was analyzed using SmartPartial Least Squares (PLS). The study revealed that strategic planning dimensions have positive effects on performance of government organizations. The results found that organizational culture has significantly moderated the relationship between strategic planning and performance. The implications from the research findings, limitation of study and future research directions are discussed. 

The Impact of Superior-Subordinate Identity and ex post Discretionary Goal Adjustment on Subordinate Expectancy of Reward and Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Burt ◽  
Theresa Libby ◽  
Adam Presslee
Keyword(s):  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
High Identity ◽  
Subordinate Performance ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Goal Adjustment ◽  
Uncontrollable Event ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Firms often evaluate subordinate performance relative to a difficult but attainable goal set at the beginning of the evaluation period. For many, a mechanism exists by which these goals may be adjusted downward at the end of the period to account for an uncontrollable negative event. We examine, experimentally, how the knowledge that a downward ex post discretionary goal adjustment is possible affects subordinates' expectancy of reward and performance in periods where a negative uncontrollable event occurs, and whether high identity, defined as high perceived social connectedness between the superior and subordinate, moderates this effect. We find that high superior-subordinate identity can offset the otherwise negative impact of the potential for downward ex post discretionary goal adjustment on subordinates' expectancy of reward and performance. Thus, creating an organizational culture that promotes identity between superiors and subordinates can complement incentive-based controls in motivating subordinate performance. JEL Classifications: C91; J33; M41; M52. Data Availability: Please contact the authors.

Simulations in Business Education

2021 ◽  
pp. 731-754
Author(s):  
Andres Aguilera-Castillo ◽  
Mauricio Guerrero-Cabarcas ◽  
Camila Andrea Fúquene ◽  
William Fernando Rios
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Survey Instrument ◽  
Business Simulation ◽  
Managerial Skills ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Nonparametric Statistical ◽  
Experimental Use

This chapter examines the experimental use of Cesim™ Global Challenge, a computer-based business simulation, in an undergraduate international business program in Bogota, Colombia. The authors analyzed the data from the simulation through the application of a nonparametric statistical analysis, in addition to the application of an ex-post survey instrument, in order to assess the relevance of using simulations in the acquisition of managerial skills among undergraduate students. Key findings include the observation of positive effects of computer simulations in learning environments, as they occur in the literature. The authors accepted the hypothesis that stated that more time spent in the simulation leads to better results in the default winning criteria. Finally, the survey instrument confirmed that the use of the simulation helped the students develop managerial soft skills.

Alliance portfolio capability

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Lichtenthaler
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Alliance Portfolio ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Alliance Performance ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Primary Type ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Conceptual Research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework and propositions on a capability-based view that examine the role of a firm’s primary type of alliances, i.e., exploration or exploitation, in the determinants and impact of alliance portfolio capability. Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual research paper, which builds on prior conceptual and empirical management research. Findings – Regarding determinants, capability-based arguments indicate that firms with an emphasis on exploration alliances have higher levels of alliance portfolio capability. However, a focus on exploration alliances aggravates the development of alliance portfolio capability through alliance experience and a dedicated alliance function. Regarding impact, alliance portfolio capability may positively affect a firm’s alliance, innovation, and financial performance. While alliance portfolio capability is assumed to have an equally positive effect on alliance performance for all types of alliance portfolios, a relative focus on exploration alliances is expected to limit the positive effects of alliance portfolio capability on innovation and subsequent financial performance. Originality/value – These new conceptual arguments help to reconcile inconsistent earlier findings, and they deepen the understanding of interfirm differences in alliance portfolio capability and performance.

Tradition, innovation and relationships: emergent profiles from agro-food Italian industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-299
Author(s):  
Antonietta Cosentino ◽  
Paola Paoloni ◽  
Barbara Iannone ◽  
Valerio Temperini
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Corporate Sustainability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relational Capital ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Executive Process ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Medium Enterprises

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze the link between innovation technology (IT), relationships which affect the relational capital (RC), and intangible value for the environment, focusing on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) of agro-food sector (AFS) in which these topics are prominent.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts a qualitative research methodology, based on a multiple case study. The empirical data were obtained from interviews designed to reveal the determinants of the Paoloni's CAOS model (characteristics, ambience, organization, start-up) useful to analyze the relational capital from the firm's perspective. The content analysis shows the most important factors influence the relationships of the companies analyzed.FindingsThe empirical analysis highlights the strong link between tradition and innovation in the AFS and its positive effects on corporate sustainability and company relationships as well as in enhancing knowledge. The introduction of ITs and the positive effects it produces in terms of efficiency, product quality, environmental sustainability and new communication channels is an important factor that influences business's relationships.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the RC literature by stressing how ITs improve not only the executive process and performance of SMEs, but also the intangible resources of the territory. Accordingly, it provides both triggers for future research in the AFS, as well as suggestions to SMEs decision-makers to enhance their competitiveness. Furthermore, the paper offers insights to push policy makers in adopting policies that favor ITs investments in the AFS.

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