Upright Citizens in Criminal Records: Investigations in Cachoeira and Geremoabo, Brazil, 1780-1836

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Aufderheide
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Criminal Records ◽  
Social Deviance ◽  
Criminal Investigations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Community Changes ◽  
Power And Influence

Criminal justice records provide the historian with a wealth of data on social deviance, and on the role of the judiciary in defining and controlling it. They can as well comment on the most invisible group for the social historian: the “innocent bystanders,” the respectable folk who distinguish themselves neither by their power and influence nor by their deviance. This essay illustrates the value of one kind of judicial data, local criminal investigations in Brazil, to provide information on the working citizens of a community. Changes in the characteristics of that population may be indicative of wider social stress in the Brazilian Independence period.

One Role of the Social Scientist in the Courtroom: The Maria Pitchford Case

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-272
Author(s):  
Katherine Van Wormer
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
Jury Selection ◽  
Recent Trial ◽  
The Social

Sociologists have been involved in various aspects of the criminal justice system. The author examines the role of the sociologist in jury selection. Using as a background her involvement in a recent trial, she discusses the basic strategies involved in selecting a jury.

Engaging Employers and Business in the Hiring of Individuals with Criminal Records

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gordon Swensen ◽  
John Rakis ◽  
Melanie G. Snyder ◽  
Randall E. Loss
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Criminal Records ◽  
Recidivism Rates ◽  
Lancaster County ◽  
System A ◽  
Collaborative Community ◽  
Reducing Recidivism

The successful reentry and reintegration of ex-offenders with disabilities will be discussed in terms of barrier removal, employer perception, and an improved relationship with the criminal justice system. A criminal record limits opportunitiesfor employment and without collaborative community supports can increase both recidivism rates and increase costs to an over-burdened criminal justice system. Employer relationships, including outreach, marketing and evidence-based partneringlcollaboration will be reviewed, including a model program from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania that supports the discussion. Special considerations for those with sex offenses will be provided, as well as efforts to eliminate the stigma involved with criminal and/or felony records. The correlation between disability and delinquency in terms of both impairment and vocational impediments is described through three disabilities (TBL Substance Abuse/Dependency, and Mental Illness). The role of the VR counselor in terms of community efforts at reducing recidivism, increasing employment outcomes for ex-offenders/clients, through effective partnerships, can affect significantly both societal and economic improvement, as well as impact overall recidivism, reentry and community reintegration issues for ex-offenders.

Problems and Priorities in Research on Suicidal Behaviours: An Overview with Canadian Implications

1985 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Bagley ◽  
Richard Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Behaviour ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
Canadian Research

This paper reviews research progress and research priorities in the study of suicidal behaviour as a preliminary to implementing a community-based program of education and prevention of suicidal behaviours. Among the priorities for Canadian research and evaluation which this review has identified are better statistical base for Canadian suicidology; the study of regional and ecological variations in suicidal behaviour in Canada; the role of social stress, unemployment, and social change; family stability and disruption; the role of biological factors, mental illness, and alcoholism; the taxonomy of suicidal behaviours; the social meanings of suicide at the community level; and the increasing rates of suicidal behaviour in young people and associated age cohorts.

scholarly journals The Role of Social Networks in the Formation of Social Lifestyle Changes Caused by the Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 263-267
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Dehghan Khangahi ◽  
Farzad Kiani
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
The Social ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
The Right ◽  
Descriptive Survey ◽  
The Impact

Today, the outbreak of the coronavirus has become a major global crisis and has affected many countries. One of the consequences of the spread of this virus is the creation of social panic and rapid changes in people's lifestyles, which the social networks are noticing. The impact of social media, which plays an effective role even in people's lifestyles, is being examined in the Covid-19 Pandemic. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of social networks in lifestyle changes in the coronavirus pandemic period. The present research is quantitative in terms of approach and in terms of type and nature, it is a descriptive survey. The data collection tool was assumed to be the Twitter social network. A total of 100.000 cases have been investigated based on the support vector machine (SVM) method and its results have been compared with decision tree and naive Bayes methods. Data processing is done using Python software. The trained model of SVM has a success rate on accuracy as near to 97% and also has 92% in the F1 score. The results show that social networks have about a 30% effect on lifestyle changes and stress during the pandemic periods. In order to form logical and desirable behaviors instead of dramatic behaviors such as fear and social stress in the use of social networks, social agents have their priority in organizing information and knowledge and informing the target community about the constructive and harmful cases of these networks and place different social roles and activities in society. Accordingly, providing the right news and information through trusted and responsible channels and platforms can play an important role in the proper management of society.

Rights and Duties of Experts

2019 ◽  
pp. 228-245
Author(s):  
Joëlle Vuille
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Expert Evidence ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Criminal Investigations ◽  
Criminal Justice Systems ◽  
Justice Systems

This chapter examines the rights and duties of experts, with emphasis on the rules governing the use of expert evidence in the non-adversary criminal justice systems most commonly found in Europe. It first provides an overview of relevant concepts and definitions relating to the position and role of the expert in criminal investigations and trials before discussing the process of hiring non-adversary experts and defining the questions put to them, the duties that befall the expert, and the issue of defense rights in connection with expert evidence. It also reviews the empirical literature about the evaluation of expert evidence by jurors and professional judges before proceeding with an analysis of what sanctions can be imposed when an expert commits a gross negligence or willfully misleads the court. Finally, it explores several issues that have arisen lately with regards to the use of expert evidence in criminal proceedings.

scholarly journals Gender, Victimization, and Adolescent Psychological Health in the Context of Migration

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Nicole W. T. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Migration Research ◽  
Rural Migrant ◽  
The Social ◽  
Migrant Adolescents ◽  
Previous Scholarship

Although gender has become a key dimension in migration research, previous scholarship has largely focused on adult rather than child migrants. Even less attention has been paid to the role of gender in migration-related child health. By comparing rural migrant and urban-born adolescents in the largest city in south China, this study assessed gender differences in psychological health and whether such differences were informed by socially induced victimization stressors and stress-moderation mechanisms related to the social relationships that link migrants to their host cities (local ties) and home villages (translocal ties). Victimization was more strongly correlated with suboptimal psychological health in girls versus boys across the migrant and urban-born samples. Local and translocal ties directly increased the psychological health and buffered the deleterious effect of victimization for migrant girls; yet, the roles of these ties were less notable in migrant boys. These results indicate gendered susceptibility to social stress in migrant adolescents.

scholarly journals Challenging Prison Officers’ Discretion: “Good Reasons” to Treat Courteously Mafiosi in Custody in Italy

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Gariglio
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Social Embeddedness ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Law ◽  
Fear Of Retaliation ◽  
Good Manner

Prison ethnography has long touched on the central role of prison officers’ discretion. Nowadays, a large number of sociologists and criminologists share the assumption that prison officers have de facto to resort to discretional decisions continuously to be able to translate the law into practice as they go about their job. This paper addresses the topic of prison officers’ discretion differently by adopting analytic autoethnography and Carolyn Ellis’ emotional recall. It outlines four officers’ “good reasons” for cooperating with mafiosi in custody—treating them with good manner—rather than showing neutrality as they would do with “ordinary” prisoners. The main good reasons that ground mafiosi–officers relationships are (1) reciprocal institutional recognition that Italian criminal justice and high-ranking mafia prisoners recognize one another; (2) mafioso capacity to help officers to “govern” fellow prisoners in practice; (3) the social embeddedness of the mafia both inside and outside prison; and, lastly, (4) prison officers’ fear of retaliation.

Breaking the Cycle: Understanding the Needs of Women Involved in the Criminal Justice System and the Role of Mentoring in Promoting Desistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1330-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Singh ◽  
Jesse Cale ◽  
Kat Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Mentoring Relationships ◽  
Mentoring Program ◽  
Specific Intervention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Specific

An increasingly popular gender-specific intervention to assist women involved in the criminal justice system (e.g., ex-prisoners) is mentoring. However, despite the growing popularity of mentoring, there is a dearth of literature that has explored the intervention’s efficacy, particularly as it relates to women involved in the criminal justice system. In the current study, client files of 64 women in a one-to-one mentoring program in Australia were examined to identify (a) the social and practical needs and obstacles faced by women overcoming their involvement with the justice system, and (b) the extent to which mentoring addressed these needs and obstacles. The results show that consistent with previous research, many of the women experienced a range of social and practical difficulties that impeded the desistance process. For a large portion of the women, however, mentoring helped overcome some difficulties by enhancing positive social capital in their lives. These findings are discussed in the context of how mentoring relationships can act as key turning points in the lives of women involved in the criminal justice system.

Social Representations and Commitment

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Bonetto ◽  
Fabien Girandola ◽  
Grégory Lo Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Second Line ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
First Line ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
English Articles

Abstract. This contribution consists of a critical review of the literature about the articulation of two traditionally separated theoretical fields: social representations and commitment. Besides consulting various works and communications, a bibliographic search was carried out (between February and December, 2016) on various databases using the keywords “commitment” and “social representation,” in the singular and in the plural, in French and in English. Articles published in English or in French, that explicitly made reference to both terms, were included. The relations between commitment and social representations are approached according to two approaches or complementary lines. The first line follows the role of commitment in the representational dynamics: how can commitment transform the representations? This articulation gathers most of the work on the topic. The second line envisages the social representations as determinants of commitment procedures: how can these representations influence the effects of commitment procedures? This literature review will identify unexploited tracks, as well as research perspectives for both areas of research.

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