A Model of Fluctuating Labor Value and the Establishment of State Power: An Application to the Prehispanic Maya

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot M. Abrams
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Elite Controllers ◽  
Marginal Productivity ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Personal Contribution ◽  
Simulated Trajectory ◽  
The Common ◽  
Economic Measure

Assessment of the nature of intrasocietal relationships in the context of the origin of state-level power is a critical area of study within anthropological archaeology. A well-established model of such emergent political relations (Wittfogel 1957) posits that differential access to land, coupled with intensification of agriculture, places common farmers in a position of inferiority, and thus subjects them to exploitation by the elite controllers of intensive agriculture. The central thesis of this article is that the initial relationship between the elite controllers and the common laborers in an intensive agricultural system was mutually beneficial, with the state only capable of exercising more exploitative power some generations after the establishment of intensive agriculture. I argue that the economic measure of marginal productivity may best reflect each farmer’s personal contribution to agriculture, and that, in a largely kin-based system, it is difficult for the emergent elite to exercise exploitative power when the marginal productivity of labor is high. I support the thesis on the basis of the simulated trajectory of marginal productivity, which indicates that marginal product increases with intensification. I explore the model further in a consideration of the rise of the Classic Maya kingdom of Copán, Honduras.

scholarly journals Farmer Awareness and Implementation of Sustainable Agriculture Practices in Different Types of Farms in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8022
Author(s):  
Monika Gebska ◽  
Anna Grontkowska ◽  
Wiesław Swiderek ◽  
Barbara Golebiewska
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Sustainable Practices ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Common

Sustainability has been an emerging issue for years in the economy and agriculture. Making agriculture sustainable has become so essential that it has become part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). However, producers ultimately decide individually the practices they implement. This is why farmers play a central role in ensuring a sustainable agricultural system, which results from farmers’ knowledge and expectations. Although numerous studies address sustainability issues, little is known about farmers’ knowledge and implementation of sustainable practices at different types of farms, especially in central and eastern Europe. This study aimed to determine Polish farmers’ awareness of sustainability with regards to animal and crop production. This paper also shows how farmers value the advantages arising from sustainable production. The study was carried out among 300 farms classified by type (dairy, beef cattle, pork, and crop production). The research instrument used was a questionnaire, with the Likert scale. The results show that dairy farmers and pork farmers declared higher knowledge and better implement sustainable practices than other farmers. The producers’ views on the benefits coming from sustainable agriculture varied. However, the two most significant advantages were recognized—the protection of water against pollution and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Oil, politics, and economic policy making: Venezuela and the Andean Common Market

1976 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Common Market ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Oil Politics ◽  
The Common ◽  
Integrative Effort ◽  
Systems Transformation ◽  
Economic Capacity

Venezuela's entry into the Andean Common Market (ACM) represents a case of systems transformation. Venezuelan membership has led both to major changes in economic provisions of the Common Market, and to significant alterations in political relations among members. Analysis of these changes depends on an understanding of the political debate in Venezuela, which was prolonged, and which led to membership under favorable terms earned through hard negotiations. Any assessment of the ultimate impact of Venezuelan participation in the ACM must remain guarded. As a wealthy and dynamic member, Venezuela could become an important catalyst for integration in the region. But with its superior economic capacity, Venezuela could also come to dominate the integrative effort, accruing most of the benefits to itself and in the process creating disruptions and dissatisfaction among the other members.

scholarly journals Identification of Opportunities for Applying the Circular Economy to Intensive Agriculture in Almería (South-East Spain)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Aznar-Sánchez ◽  
Juan F. Velasco-Muñoz ◽  
Daniel García-Arca ◽  
Belén López-Felices
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Product Packaging ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Government

The use of intensive high-yield agricultural systems has proved to be a feasible alternative to traditional systems as they able to meet the objective of guaranteeing long-term sustainability in the supply of food. In order to implement these systems, it is necessary to replace the traditional model of “extract-use-consume-dispose” with a model based on the principles of the Circular Economy (CE), optimizing the use of resources and minimizing the generation of waste. Almería has become a paradigm of this type of high-yield agricultural system, with the largest concentration of greenhouses in the world. This study analyses the opportunities that the CE can offer the intensive agriculture sector in Almería in order to obtain long-term sustainability. The results show a wide variety of alternatives, both on an agricultural exploitation level and in the case of the product packaging and wholesale centers. The priority areas of action are waste management, the prevention of product waste and the improvement in the efficiency of the use of water and energy. The principal limitations for adopting circular practices are the large investment required, the limited transfer of knowledge between the different users and the lack of sufficient support from the government and the sector.

Crime and Punishment

2019 ◽  
pp. 551-590
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Common Law ◽  
State Level ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Penal Codes ◽  
The Common ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter discusses the development of criminal law in the second half of the nineteenth century, covering the statute law of crimes, crime rates, insanity, punishment and correction, and victimless crimes. The formal criminal law in the late nineteenth century was by and large a matter of statute. The concept of the common-law crime had been wiped out in federal law. The concept also decayed on the state level. As of 1900, some states still technically recognized the possibility of a common-law crime. Other states, by statute, had specifically abolished the concept. Only acts listed in the penal code were crimes, and nothing else. In some states, the courts construed their penal codes as (silently) abolishing common-law crime. Where the concept survived, it was hardly ever used; the penal codes were as a practical matter complete and exclusive—the total catalog of crime.

scholarly journals Myśl Wincentego Granata wobec problemów współczesności

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 179-198
Author(s):  
Jakub Majchrzak
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Common Good ◽  
State Level ◽  
Body Of Christ ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Christian Humanism ◽  
The Common ◽  
Final Answer ◽  
The Church

The aim of the article is to present relevance of the personalistic Granat’s thought in the context of contemporary social challenges. In the article, I analyze the topic of Christian humanism in Granat’s thought. I point out that he saw the sources of this concept in man’s aspirations to learn the full truth about himself. Granat saw the final answer to these desires in the relation of man and the sense of his existence to the person of Christ. I also consider Granat’s opinion about the role of the Catholic church today. I would like to draw your attention to the fact that Granat clearly emphasized the deep spiritual and apostolic dimension of the Church, pointing out that the Church is above all the Mystical Body of Christ. Therefore, the fundamental task of the Church is to unite God’s children around Christ. The Church also has a duty to proclaim to man that he cannot understand himself without Christ. The Church accomplishes these goals by administering the sacraments and moderating interreligious dialogue. I consider the issue of peace in his philosophical refl ection as well. According to Granat the source of peace is God. Man drawing his strength from his closeness with God can contribute to peace through mutual respectful relationships. At the state level the key role is played by the concern of each country for the common good and international cooperation in this field. In conclusion, I formulate summarizing remarks.

Education

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Zackin
Keyword(s):  
State Legislatures ◽  
State Level ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
State Constitutions ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
Positive Rights ◽  
Common School ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common School Movement ◽  
School Movement

This chapter examines the campaigns to add education rights to state constitutions, with particular emphasis on how the common school movement was able to establish the states' constitutional duty to provide education. The leaders of the common school movement insisted that government had a moral duty to expand opportunities for children whose parents could not otherwise afford to educate them, and that state legislatures should be legally obligated to fulfill it. This movement's central claim was that the value of constitutional rights lay in their potential to promote policy changes by forcing legislatures to pass the kinds of redistributive policies they tended to avoid. The chapter considers the evidence for an American positive-rights tradition that exists primarily at the state level and discusses Congress's motive for the creation of constitutional rights as a case of entrenchment. It argues that education provisions found in state constitutions are positive rights.

Discussion of The Effect of the Formula Apportionment System on State-Level Economic Development and Multijurisdictional Tax Planning

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (s-1) ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Klassen
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
State Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Factor Income ◽  
State Income ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tax Research

Lightner (1999) explores the relation between cross-sectional differences in state income apportionment formulae and corporate income tax rates, and the changes in state-level manufacturing employment. The research uses the common methodology of computing a statutory income tax rate applicable to each of the three apportionment factors. The percentage change in employment is regressed on each of these factor income tax rates separately. Additional tests determine if the statutory rate, overweighting the sales factor, and employing the throwback rule are also correlated with relative changes in employment. I analyze this research in three components. First, an overview of the multijurisdictional tax research is provided to set this paper into this growing literature. Next, an evaluation of the contributions of Lightner (1999) is presented. Finally, some suggestions for improvement are given. The conclusion includes a suggestion for future research in this area.

Politics in the Service of Society: A Response to My Interlocutors

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-270
Author(s):  
Luke Bretherton
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Common Life ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Informal Politics ◽  
The Common ◽  
Made In

This article is a response to Hauerwas’s, O’Donovan’s and Muir’s engagements with Christ and the Common Life. Three distinctions that operate in the book are clarified, namely that between formal and informal politics, bottom-up forms of democratic politics and top-down forms of statecraft, and social and political relations. In setting these out, the distinction between public and private is critiqued and two, interrelated moves made in the book are defended. First, that democratic politics precedes and sustains a liberal polity. And second, that human law and the state should serve the antecedent and superordinate good of association.

scholarly journals Regional settlement systems in Ukraine: features of development in terms of decentralization reform

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
State Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Comprehensive Development ◽  
Decentralization Reform

Administrative and territorial reform in Ukraine is an extremely important stage in the development of our country. Decentralization creates new challenges for the regions, gives local authorities new powers, duties and responsibilities. For a comprehensive analysis of the possibilities and prospects of decentralization reform, it is important to analyze the existing world experience in implementing of the similar regional development programs in different countries. The implementation of such reforms in highly developed and developed countries is usually more successful than in developing countries, mainly due to the unpreparedness of local governments to the transformation of socio-political relations. Domestic and foreign scholars who have researched the course of decentralization reform in Ukraine note that it is extremely important to make appropriate changes to the Constitution of Ukraine and consolidate them at the highest state level. Decentralization reform, of course, cannot be considered as a universal tool for solving all existing problems of Ukraine, but it is an extremely important step towards comprehensive development of our country, taking into account the needs of the state and regions, the specifics of each, and the possibility for more effective implementation of regional policy measures by expanding the powers of local authorities. Thus, according to the new division, the largest districts in terms of population, the centers of which are the largest cities in Ukraine: Kharkiv, Odesa and Dnipro, which account for 4.8%, 3.8% and 3.2% of the population of the country's districts, respectively. Zaporizhia district of Zaporizhia region, Lviv district of Lviv region account for 2.4-2.1% of the population. Based on the cluster analysis of 119 newly formed districts of Ukraine by the Ward method, according to 24 indicators as of 2020, 8 clusters were identified. Cluster analysis of the regions of Ukraine by a similar method according to the level of urbanization allowed to identify 6 clusters. The established features should be taken into account in forming plans and programs of regional development, which should be scientifically substantiated, take into account the peculiarities of decentralization of power and contribute to improving the level and quality of life of the population.

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