Preliminary Sketch in Greek Vase-Painting

1965 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 16-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Exact Nature ◽  
Vase Painting ◽  
Black Background ◽  
Preliminary Work ◽  
Blunt Tool ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

The use of preliminary sketch in Attic red-figure is so widespread and so familiar that even in a detailed publication its presence often passes unmentioned, yet illustrations of it are not always easy to find. It may therefore be helpful to bring together some examples on which the sketch-work is of particular interest and at the same time to include instances of what is basically the same procedure, but applied to other techniques of vase-painting.As is well known, the sketch is composed of shallow grooves made in the surface of the clay before firing; the lines are most obvious in the reserved areas, but it can sometimes be seen that they extend into the black background, and when they do, the shininess of the black in the grooves shows clearly that they were made before the black was applied. The exact nature of the instrument with which the sketch was drawn is not known; the grooves generally look as if they had been made with a small, blunt tool, though whether it was wood or metal or some other material cannot be determined. Each artist no doubt had his own favourite implement, but it is worth noting that occasionally, and above all on Apulian red-figure, the sketch-lines are narrow slits cut into the clay; this kind of line, at least, must have been made with something sharp, presumably a metal graver. The amount of detail in the sketch varies from man to man, and there may even be differences between works that can be attributed to the same hand, or between the two sides of the same pot. Sometimes the artist does no more than block out the general masses and arrangement of the figures; on other vases the preliminary work is very exact and on occasion may be more detailed than the final drawing.

The Interpretation of Multilateral Treaties

1929 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quincy Wright
Keyword(s):  
Made In ◽  
As If ◽  
Multilateral Treaties

Numerous interpretative notes were exchanged by the Powers prior to signature of the General Pact for the Renunciation of War on August 27, 1928. Secretary Kellogg was reported to have said on August 8 that these interpretations “are in no way a part of the pact and can not be considered reservations. The interpretations will not be deposited with the text of the treaty.” It has, however, been asserted that “the interpretations and declarations, made in the diplomatic correspondence before the signature of the treaty, and either agreed to or not dissented from, are just as binding and just as much within the meaning of the treaty as if they were written into the treaty text.” This obviously denies any importance to the distinction between interpretative notes and reservations implied in Secretary Kellogg’s statement.

Results from the Compressed Air Tunnel

1935 ◽  
Vol 39 (289) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest F. Relf
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Scale Effect ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Measuring Apparatus ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Preliminary Work ◽  
Special Measuring ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exhaustive Study ◽  
Made In

The Compressed Air Wind Tunnel has now been in more or less regular use fpr a little over a year, during which time some interesting results have been accumulated. While these results are not yet by any means complete enough to enable an exhaustive study of scale effect to be made, they are nevertheless of sufficient extent to throw light on several points in respect to scale effect which have hitherto been somewhat obscure, and in particular to show more clearly the relative effects of scale and turbulence on the important phenomenon of the maximum lift of aerofoils.It may be well to review briefly the history of the development of the Compressed Air Tunnel and to give a very short account of the construction of the tunnel at the N.P.L. and of the preliminary work associated with its special measuring apparatus, as no mention of these matters has yet been made in the Society's publications

scholarly journals A Ringed Non-Uniform Network: How to Raise its Efficiency

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 20-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Survilo
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Power Quality ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Phase Voltage ◽  
Closed Loops ◽  
Circulating Current ◽  
Current Flows ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Made In ◽  
Supply Reliability

A Ringed Non-Uniform Network: How to Raise its Efficiency As distinct from radial electric power lines, in closed loops the consumers are fed from two sides. This is advantageous from the viewpoint of supply reliability, power quality and its losses; however, these are the least only when a loop is uniform, which is not always met in practice. In a non-uniform loop a circulating current flows, and the losses increase proportionally to its square. To reduce losses in such a non-uniform loop, the circulating current should be eliminated. For this purpose a booster transformer can be used. The voltage of such a transformer is known to be in quadrature to the phase voltage; the present consideration has shown that such orientation of the opposing voltage gives the best results only when all loads in the loop are active, otherwise the angle of opposing voltage should be regulated. The voltage value should also be regulated depending on the load. Another technique consists in introducing a complementary reactance into the terminal branches. Such reactance should be regulated if loads are changing in time disproportionately with respect to each other. The best results are achieved when all loop node loads have the same cosφ. If the complementary reactance calculated at one end of the loop is positive, then that calculated at the second end of the loop will be negative, and vice versa. The appropriate choice can be made, in particular, involving both loop terminals.

Lekanai in Laon and Tübingen

1975 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 203-205
Author(s):  
A. D. Ure
Keyword(s):  
Sixth Century ◽  
Vase Painting ◽  
Ground Plate ◽  
Made In

In Volume lxxx of the Journal of Hellenic Studies I published a first attempt at distinguishing black-figured lekanai made in Euboea. There eight vases of this shape were discussed and brought into relation with the little that was known of Eretrian and other Euboean sixth-century vase-painting. Since then a lekane in Reading has been attributed to Eretria. I now offer five more for consideration, together with two vases of other shapes which go with them.In the Musée Archéologique at Laon there is a lekane decorated on the outside with a band of palmettes and lotus flowers in unincised black-figure, standing on interlacing stalks (Plate 28, a). Inside in the tondo there is a scene in incised black-figure showing a youth about to catch a young hare that is cowering on the ground (Plate 28, b).

scholarly journals Some account of the appearances of the solar spots, as seen from Hereford, on the 15th and 16th of May, 1836, during and after the solar eclipse. By Henry Lawson, Esq. in a letter to Sir Henry Ellis, K. G. H., F. R. S. by whom it was communicated to the society

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 397-398
Keyword(s):  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Great Size ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
As If

The spots on the sun’s disc, at the period referred to, were very numerous; and one of great size, being many thousand miles in dia­meter, in particular attracted attention, from its penumbra presenting an appearance similar to a sky filled with small flocculent white clouds, perfectly distinct from one another; while on two sides were seen large masses of darker clouds, which seemed as if pouring their sub­stance into the central chasm. The figure of the solar spots did not undergo any perceptible change of form during the progressive pas­sage of the edge of the moon over them.

scholarly journals Two Naucratite Vases

1887 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 119-121
Author(s):  
Ernest A. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Local Origin ◽  
Concentric Circles ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Made In

The two vases of which portions are reproduced upon Pl. LXXIX. may serve as representative specimens of the two most important classes of Naucratite pottery. They were both found, mixed with innumerable other fragments, amid the rubbish that covered the whole area of the temenos of Aphrodite, excavated by me in the season 1885–6. The two smaller figures represent the two sides of one fragment. These two vases are of especial interest, because they were both beyond any doubt made in Naucratis. Last year the special name of Naucratite ware was given to a class of vases covered with a fine whitish glaze, and with a polychrome decoration outside; black inside, with lotus patterns in red and white. This ware was often found by Mr. Petrie in 1884–5, and also in 1885–6, with dedicatory inscriptions painted on before baking, thus proving beyond doubt its local origin. The fragment now figured with a sphinx is one of the finest specimens of this same ware; in its treatment both inside and outside it preserves the essential characteristics that may be seen in the simpler examples.The other vase, with the lions and the stag, is one of a set of large bowls of which I found several nearly complete; in 1884–5 only a few fragments had appeared. These always have a dark glaze inside—red or black according to the firing; on this are painted concentric circles in white and purple. Their ornamentation is identical with that found on the inside of the eye-bowls; hence it would seem that these large bowls are a development of the eye-bowl type, just as the large polychrome vases are of the other Naucratite ware.

scholarly journals On the results of tide observations, made in June 1834, at the Coast-Guard stations in Great Britain and Ireland

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 329-330
Keyword(s):  
High Water ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Maximum Magnitude ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Diurnal Difference ◽  
Exact Determination ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Times ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Made In

On a representation made by the author of the advantages which would result from a series of simultaneous observations of the tides, continued for a fortnight, along a great extent of coast, orders were given for carrying this measure into effect at all the stations of the Preventive service on the coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from the 7th to the 22nd of June inclusive. From an examination of the registers of these observations, which were transmitted to the Admiralty, but part of which only have as yet been reduced, the author has been enabled to deduce many important inferences. He finds, in the first place, that the tides in question are not affected by any general irregularity, having its origin in a distant source, but only by such causes as are merely local, and that therefore the tides admit of exact determination, with the aid of local meteorological corrections. The curves expressing the times of high water, with relation to those of the moon’s transit, present a very satisfactory agreement with theory; the ordinates having, for a space corresponding to a fortnight, a minimum and maximum magnitude, though not symmetrical in their curvatures on the two sides of these extreme magnitudes. The amount of flexure is not the same at different places; thus confirming the result already obtained by the comparison of previous observations, and especially those made at Brest; and demonstrating the futility of all attempts to deduce the mass of the moon from the phenomena of the tides, or to correct the tables of the tides by means of the mass of the moon. By the introduction of a local, in addition to the general, semimenstrual inequality, we may succeed in reconciling the discrepancies of the curve which represents this inequality for different places; discrepancies which have hitherto been a source of much perplexity. These differences in the semimenstrual inequality are shown by the author to be consequences of peculiar local circumstances, such as the particular form of the coast, the distance which the tide wave has travelled over, and the meeting of tides proceeding in different directions; and he traces the influence of each of these several causes in producing these differences. A diurnal difference in the height of the tides manifests itself with remarkable constancy along a large portion of the coast under consideration. The tide hour appears to vary rapidly in rounding the main promontories of the coast, and very slowly in passing along the shores of the intervening bays; so that the cotidal lines are brought close together in the former cases, and, in the latter, run along nearly parallel to the shore; circumstances which will also account for comparative differences of level, and of corresponding velocities in the tide stream. The author intends to prosecute the subject when the whole of the returns of these observations shall have undergone reduction.

The Military Balance in the Taiwan Straits

1996 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 577-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong-Pin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Sales Volume ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Taiwan Straits ◽  
The Military ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Military Balance ◽  
As If ◽  
Military Exercise

The 1994 book The Intercalary August 1995, a fictional account of a surgical-strike invasion of Taiwan by China, sold a record 200,000 copies between August and December 1994. The huge sales volume reflected a growing sense of insecurity among Taiwan′s residents, despite a visitor′s observation months earlier that the two sides had “rarely been more peaceful.” In the latter half of 1994, China staged its largest military exercise in years and Taiwan followed suit as if in response. Concurrently, Taiwanese emigration reached a six-year peak, which many perceived to have resulted from residents fleeing in fear. By early 1995, some U.S. officials admitted publicly that one had to take seriously the threat that “the mainland could invade” Taiwan. This statement represents a shifting post-Cold War perception from marginalizing China′s attack on Taiwan almost as a non-issue to reckoning such conflict as a possibility bordering on probability. Beginning in late July 1995, China reinforced this shift by testing missiles and artilleries in waters with unprecedented proximity to Taiwan, imposing in effect a series of temporary blockades on the island.

scholarly journals Introduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-198
Author(s):  
Mirjam de Bruijn ◽  
Jonna Both
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Normal Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Structures ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

The enduring experience of hardship, in the form of layers of various crises, can become deeply ingrained in a society, and people can come to act and react under these conditions as if they lead a normal life. This process is explored through the analytical concept of duress, which contains three elements: enduring and accumulating layers of hardship over time, the normalization of this hardship, and a form of deeply constrained agency. We argue that decisions made in duress have a significant impact on the social and political structures of society. This concept of duress is used as a lens to understand the lives of individual people and societies in Central and West Africa that have a long history of ecological, political, and social conflicts and crises.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTES ON THE ELECTRIFICATION AND THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF WATER THROUGH COLLODION MEMBRANES

1919 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 717-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Bivalent Cation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Pure Solvent ◽  
Force Finding ◽  
Tentative Explanation ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

1. When pure water is separated by a collodion membrane from a watery solution of an electrolyte the rate of diffusion of water is influenced not only by the forces of gas pressure but also by electrical forces. 2. Water is in this case attracted by the solute as if the molecules of water were charged electrically, the sign of the charge of the water particles as well as the strength of the attractive force finding expression in the following two rules, (a) Solutions of neutral salts possessing a univalent or bivalent cation influence the rate of diffusion of water through a collodion membrane, as if the water particles were charged positively and were attracted by the anion and repelled by the cation of the electrolyte; the attractive and repulsive action increasing with the number of charges of the ion and diminishing inversely with a quantity which we will designate arbitrarily as the "radius" of the ion. The same rule applies to solutions of alkalies. (b) Solutions of neutral or acid salts possessing a trivalent or tetravalent cation influence the rate of diffusion of water through a collodion membrane as if the particles of water were charged negatively and were attracted by the cation and repelled by the anion of the electrolyte. Solutions of acids obey the same rule, the high electrostatic effect of the hydrogen ion being probably due to its small "ionic radius." 3. The correctness of the assumption made in these rules concerning the sign of the charge of the water particles is proved by experiments on electrical osmose. 4. A method is given by which the strength of the attractive electric force of electrolytes on the molecules of water can be roughly estimated and the results of these measurements are in agreement with the two rules. 5. The electric attraction of water caused by the electrolyte increases with an increase in the concentration of the electrolyte, but at low concentrations more rapidly than at high concentrations. A tentative explanation for this phenomenon is offered. 6. The rate of diffusion of an electrolyte from a solution to pure solvent through a collodion membrane seems to obey largely the kinetic theory inasmuch as the number of molecules of solute diffusing through the unit of area of the membrane in unit time is (as long as the concentration is not too low) approximately proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte and is the same for the same concentrations of LiCl, NaCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2.

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