The Structure of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone in Equatorial Africa and Its Relationship to East African Rainfall

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hills
Keyword(s):  
Convergence Zone ◽  
East African ◽  
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ◽  
African Rainfall ◽  
Equatorial Africa

scholarly journals Dipole patterns in tropical precipitation were pervasive across landmasses throughout Marine Isotope Stage 5

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina Nilsson-Kerr ◽  
Pallavi Anand ◽  
Philip B. Holden ◽  
Steven C. Clemens ◽  
Melanie J. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Isotope Stage ◽  
Convergence Zone ◽  
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Tropical Precipitation ◽  
Rainfall Patterns ◽  
Marine Isotope Stage 5 ◽  
Climate Cooling ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractMost of Earth’s rain falls in the tropics, often in highly seasonal monsoon rains, which are thought to be coupled to the inter-hemispheric migrations of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone in response to the seasonal cycle of insolation. Yet characterization of tropical rainfall behaviour in the geologic past is poor. Here we combine new and existing hydroclimate records from six large-scale tropical regions with fully independent model-based rainfall reconstructions across the last interval of sustained warmth and ensuing climate cooling between 130 to 70 thousand years ago (Marine Isotope Stage 5). Our data-model approach reveals large-scale heterogeneous rainfall patterns in response to changes in climate. We note pervasive dipole-like tropical precipitation patterns, as well as different loci of precipitation throughout Marine Isotope Stage 5 than recorded in the Holocene. These rainfall patterns cannot be solely attributed to meridional shifts in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone.

Studies of winds and weather during migrations of Simulium damnosum Theobald (Diptera: Simuliidae), the vector of onchocerciasis in West Africa

1980 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Magor ◽  
L. J. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Convergence Zone ◽  
Gonotrophic Cycle ◽  
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
Simulium Damnosum ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
First Time ◽  
High Winds

AbstractReports of the presence and absence of biting by Simulium damnosum Theo. in the Volta River Basin in 1962, 1966 and 1975 were used to identify occasions when sites were invaded by parous and nulliparous females. Circumstantial evidence suggests that this insect is a wind-borne migrant, and the weather before and during some of these invasions was examined. Although most invasions studied took place south of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone, for the first time evidence is presented suggesting that migration also takes place to the north of this zone. Immigrants were captured at the invaded sites only when light winds or calms were present. This cannot, however, be used as proof that S. damnosum migrates and lands only where winds are light or it is calm because host-seeking is inhibited by high winds and the time of arrival, as opposed to capture on a host, is unknown. Until the factors initiating emigration, as well as the height, duration and number of flights in each gonotrophic cycle and the time of immigration are known, the present findings cannot be tested rigorously nor can wind records be used to trace the source of immigrants.

scholarly journals The impact of the subtropical South Atlantic SST on South American precipitation

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3457-3476 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Taschetto ◽  
I. Wainer
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Empirical Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Convergence Zone ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sst Anomalies

Abstract. The Community Climate Model (CCM3) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is used to investigate the effect of the South Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on interannual to decadal variability of South American precipitation. Two ensembles composed of multidecadal simulations forced with monthly SST data from the Hadley Centre for the period 1949 to 2001 are analysed. A statistical treatment based on signal-to-noise ratio and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) is applied to the ensembles in order to reduce the internal variability among the integrations. The ensemble treatment shows a spatial and temporal dependence of reproducibility. High degree of reproducibility is found in the tropics while the extratropics is apparently less reproducible. Austral autumn (MAM) and spring (SON) precipitation appears to be more reproducible over the South America-South Atlantic region than the summer (DJF) and winter (JJA) rainfall. While the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) region is dominated by external variance, the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) over South America is predominantly determined by internal variance, which makes it a difficult phenomenon to predict. Alternatively, the SACZ over western South Atlantic appears to be more sensitive to the subtropical SST anomalies than over the continent. An attempt is made to separate the atmospheric response forced by the South Atlantic SST anomalies from that associated with the El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Results show that both the South Atlantic and Pacific SSTs modulate the intensity and position of the SACZ during DJF. Particularly, the subtropical South Atlantic SSTs are more important than ENSO in determining the position of the SACZ over the southeast Brazilian coast during DJF. On the other hand, the ENSO signal seems to influence the intensity of the SACZ not only in DJF but especially its oceanic branch during MAM. Both local and remote influences, however, are confounded by the large internal variance in the region. During MAM and JJA, the South Atlantic SST anomalies affect the magnitude and the meridional displacement of the ITCZ. In JJA, the ENSO has relatively little influence on the interannual variability of the simulated rainfall. During SON, however, the ENSO seems to counteract the effect of the subtropical South Atlantic SST variations on convection over South America.

Microstructure of Climate-Forcing Aerosols: Aircraft Traverses from Clean to Polluted Conditions in the Indian Ocean

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
James R. Anderson ◽  
Peter Crozier
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Convergence Zone ◽  
Sulfate Aerosols ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ◽  
The Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) was conducted in Feb.-Mar. 1999 in a large area of the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, and Arabian Sea to investigate climate forcing produced by pollutant aerosol particles being transported out of India, Pakistan, and Indochina during the Northeast (“Dry“) Monsoon2. Pollutant aerosols can be transported a thousand km or more by prevailing winds as far south as the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the convective band that separates Northern and Southern Hemisphere tropospheric air. We present here results from TEM examination of aerosol particles collected on INDOEX research flights of the NCAR C-130 aircraft.The climate forcing properties of sulfate aerosols over the oceans have long been recognized2. Sulfate and other particles scatter incoming solar radiation, reducing the amount of light (and heat) incident on the ocean surface and thus causing a cooling effect which may locally counter some of the warming effect due to greenhouse gases.

Seasonal prediction of East African rainfall

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 2698-2723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Jeng Chen ◽  
Aris P. Georgakakos
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Prediction ◽  
East African ◽  
African Rainfall
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