Politics in the Portuguese Empire: The State, Industry, and Cotton, 1926-1974

China’s publishing landscape today remains a harsh environment, dominated by the state industry and hostile to outside intruders. A few small independent art publishers, design studios and self-publishing artists have appeared in recent years in Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other cities, a series of developments that signal new directions for the future of art publishing in this country.

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Environmental Governance and the (Re-)Making of the African State

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.903 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maano Ramutsindela ◽

Bram Büscher

Keyword(s):

Capital Accumulation ◽

Environmental Governance ◽

African State ◽

The State ◽

Environmental Challenges ◽

Environmental Threats ◽

Business Interests ◽

Nation States ◽

State Industry ◽

Multiple Actors

State formation processes that are historically associated with the emergence of the modern state as well as the post-colony have been punctuated by the rise of environmentalism, especially the need for nation-states to respond to, as well as manage environmental challenges. Responses to these challenges by multiple actors such as the state, industry, environmental nongovernmental organizations, and financial institutions culminate in environmental governance and in the co-constitution of environment and state making. The state–environment relations have produced new forms of governmentality that refocus the activities of the state toward globally defined environmental agendas. In Africa attempts by multiple actors to manage the environment have transformed the state in five principal ways: (1) They enable global capitalism to enroll African environments in a niche area for capital accumulation but also tie up African governments to environmentally related business interests; (2) environmental governance in Africa and elsewhere leads to resistance and contestations over natural resources that in turn shape the relationship between the state and its citizens; (3) global environmental issues have led to environmental solidarity among African states, which they use to negotiate environmental agreements at the international stage; (4) environmental threats such as the poaching of wildlife in Africa integrate African states into global security frameworks that in effect threaten or corrode the integrity of the African state; and (5) environmental challenges and the opportunities that come with environmental solutions create conditions for competition among African states as well as the formation of new alliances among states. These outcomes highlight the significance of the state–environment nexus in the continuous (re-)making of the African state.

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MERCADOS E NEGOCIANTES IMPERIAIS: UM ENSAIO SOBRE A ECONOMIA DO IMPÉRIO PORTUGUÊS (SÉCULOS XVII E XIX)

História Questões & Debates ◽

10.5380/his.v36i0.2690 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

Author(s):

João Fragoso

Keyword(s):

Economic System ◽

The State ◽

American Slavery ◽

Portuguese Empire ◽

Old Portuguese ◽

Different Parts

Análise introdutória dos circuitos comerciais e negociantes, que, entre o século XVII e XIX, ligavam as diferentes partes do império português. Fenômeno que o transformava em um sistema econômico. Tal império, apesar de conter diferentes estruturas sociais e econômicas (da aristocrática-camponesa reinol à escravidão americana), possuía algumas formas de acumulação e práticas comuns. Estas derivadas do Antigo Regime português e presentes em suas várias regiões: Reino, Estado da Índia, América e África lusas. Abstract First approach to the merchant and market circles that, between the 17th and the 19th centuries linked the different parts of the Portuguese Empire, which turned this Empire into an economic system. The Portuguese word, despite its different social and economic structures (from the aristocratic-peasant reinol to American Slavery) shared some common behavior and accumulation practices. This common characteristics were consequences of the old portuguese regime and occurred in its various regions: Kingdom, The State of India, America and Portuguese Africa.

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