The Chlorination of Ballast Water on Great Lakes Vessels

1932 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 256 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ballast Water

Considerations in the Design of the Primary Treatment for Ballast Systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (01) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Michael G. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Bulk Carrier ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Mechanical Separation ◽  
Hierarchy Process

Investigations are currently underway to establish effective primary and secondary ballast water treatment methods to minimize the potential for the introduction of additional nonindigenous aquatic species into the Great Lakes and other U.S. coastal waters. This treatment could be used in place of mid-ocean ballast exchange currently required by the U.S. Coast Guard for all vessels entering the Great Lakes in ballast from beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Primary and secondary treatment could provide environmental protection for both Ballast On Board (BOB) vessels, which are required to perform mid-ocean ballast exchange before entering the Great Lakes, and No Ballast On Board (NOBOB) vessels, which are currently exempt from any ballast exchange requirements. Primary treatment using some form of mechanical separation to 100 urn or 50 um followed by secondary treatment using 254 nm UV irradiation or some form of chemical treatment are currently leading candidates. Over the past six years, the Great Lakes Ballast Technology Demonstration Project (GLBTDP) has undertaken the full-scale evaluation of 340 m3/h (1500 U.S. gpm) ballast water mechanical separation using an automatic backwashing screen filter, hydrocyclone, and automatic backwashing disk filter. This experience provides the basis for the investigation of various ballast system design issues that must be considered in the selection and design of the primary ballast water treatment. This investigation is based upon the ballast system of a typical Seaway size bulk carrier using port and starboard 2000 m3/h (8800 U.S. gpm) main ballast pumps. A discrete multicriterion optimization tradeoff study using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is also presented to illustrate a rational method for determining the best choice for primary ballast water treatment for such a Seaway size bulk carrier.

EVALUATING AN INVASIVE SPECIES POLICY: BALLAST WATER EXCHANGE IN THE GREAT LAKES

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Costello ◽  
John M. Drake ◽  
David M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Invasive Species Policy

Dynamics and short-term survival of toxic cyanobacteria species in ballast water from NOBOB vessels transiting the Great Lakes—implications for HAB invasions

Harmful Algae ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina A. Doblin ◽  
Kathryn J. Coyne ◽  
Johanna M. Rinta-Kanto ◽  
Steven W. Wilhelm ◽  
Fred C. Dobbs
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Toxic Cyanobacteria ◽  
Short Term Survival

Invasion of Lake Ontario by the Ponto–Caspian predatory cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J MacIsaac ◽  
Igor A Grigorovich ◽  
James A Hoyle ◽  
Norman D Yan ◽  
Vadim E Panov
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Resting Eggs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Exchange Programs ◽  
Neva Estuary ◽  
Cercopagis Pengoi ◽  
Source Populations

Cercopagis pengoi, a waterflea native to the Ponto-Caspian region, was discovered during 1998 in Lake Ontario. Individuals were found throughout the lake during summer snagged on sportfishing lines. The population included parthenogenetic (92%) and sexual (2%) females and males (6%). Cercopagis has a very long caudal appendage that is more than five times the body length and terminates in a distinctive loop. Females and males from Lake Ontario were significantly smaller than individuals from the Neva Estuary, Baltic Sea. In Eurasia, C. pengoi occurs in relatively warm fresh and brackish waters (0-14‰) at population densities usually <3000 individuals·m-3; mean and maximum population densities in Lake Ontario were 170 and 322 individuals·m-3, respectively. The presence of females with resting eggs indicates that Cercopagis will likely establish in Lake Ontario. As with other recently introduced invertebrates, Cercopagis likely was transported to the Great Lakes in ballast water from eastern Europe. The rapid influx of Ponto-Caspian species into the Great Lakes warrants further study including identification of source populations, mechanisms of dispersal, impacts on recipient ecosystems, and efficacy of ballast water exchange programs.

Modeling ships' ballast water as invasion threats to the Great Lakes

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1245-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J MacIsaac ◽  
Thomas C Robbins ◽  
Mark A Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Invasion Process ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Invasion Models ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Shipping Traffic

The spread of nonindigenous species (NIS) in aquatic ecosystems provides an opportunity to develop new perspectives on the invasion process. In this paper we review existing invasion models, most of which were developed to describe invasions of terrestrial habitats, and propose an alternative that explores long-distance invasions mediated by discharge of contaminated ballast water by ships inbound to the Great Lakes. Based on current knowledge of shipping traffic to the Great Lakes, our model predicts that mid-ocean exchange of ballast water lowers propagule delivery by approximately three to four orders of magnitude relative to unexchanged ballast water. Propagule pressure of individual ships that enter the Great Lakes loaded with cargo and that declare "no ballast on board" (NOBOB) is typically one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of vessels that exchange ballast. Because NOBOB vessels dominate (~90%) inbound traffic into the Great Lakes, these vessels collectively appear to pose the greatest risk of new introductions, even though their individual risks are low.

Options for Nonindigenous Species Control and Their Economic Impact on the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway: A Survey

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (01) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Anastassios N. Perakis ◽  
Zhiyong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nonindigenous Species ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Adverse Side Effects ◽  
Ecological Problems

Nonindigenous species (NIS) cause substantial economic and ecological problems in the United States and other countries with marine trade. Current legislation and regulations require mandatory ballast water exchange for those ships entering the Great Lakes. Due to the low compliance rate, and some inherent defects of legislation, the current status of NIS control is not very encouraging. Several technical and legislative options have been proposed to improve the efficiency of NIS control. The most promising methods include filtration with ultraviolet, heat, and ballast water exchange. No one method, however, can 100% effectively solve the NIS problem. Moreover, the mandatory requirements may induce modal shifts from marine to rail or truck mode on the Great Lakes, which may cause several adverse side effects on the economy and the environment. The decision problems for the cargo owners and the legislative body are also formulated.

scholarly journals EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BALLAST WATER EXCHANGE POLICY IN THE GREAT LAKES

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1321-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Ricciardi ◽  
Hugh J. MacIsaac
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Exchange Policy

scholarly journals Richness–abundance relationships for zooplankton in ballast water: temperate versus Arctic comparisons

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1876-1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrah T. Chan ◽  
Elizabeta Briski ◽  
Sarah A. Bailey ◽  
Hugh J. MacIsaac
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Total Abundance ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Species richness and abundance are two commonly measured parameters used to characterize invasion risk associated with transport vectors, especially those capable of transferring large species assemblages. Understanding the relationship between these two variables can further improve our ability to predict future invasions by identifying conditions where high-risk (i.e. species-rich or high abundance or both) and low-risk (i.e. species-poor and low abundance) introduction events are expected. While ballast water is one of the best characterized transport vectors of aquatic non-indigenous species, very few studies have assessed its magnitude at high latitudes. We assessed the arrival potential of zooplankton via ballast water in the Canadian Arctic by examining species richness, total abundance, and the relationship between the two parameters for zooplankton in ships from Europe destined for the Arctic, in comparison with the same parameters for ships bound for Atlantic Canada and the Great Lakes. In addition, we examined whether species richness and/or total abundance were influenced by temperature change and/or ballast water age for each shipping route. We found that species richness and total abundance for Arctic and Great Lakes ships were significantly lower than those for Atlantic ships. Differences in species richness and total abundance for ships utilizing different shipping routes were mostly related to ballast water age. A significant species richness–total abundance relationship for Arctic and Great Lakes ships suggests that these parameters decreased proportionately as ballast water aged. In contrast, the absence of such a relationship for Atlantic ships suggests that decreases in total abundance were accompanied by little to no reduction in species richness. Collectively, our results indicate that the arrival potential of zooplankton in ballast water of Arctic ships may be lower than or similar to that of Atlantic and Great Lakes ships, respectively.

Ballast-mediated animal introductions in the Laurentian Great Lakes: retrospective and prospective analyses

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 740-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor A Grigorovich ◽  
Robert I Colautti ◽  
Edward L Mills ◽  
Kristen Holeck ◽  
Albert G Ballert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Laurentian Great Lakes ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Physicochemical Factors ◽  
Ballast Tanks ◽  
Shipping Traffic ◽  
High Representation ◽  
Prospective Analyses

Since completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959, at least 43 nonindigenous species (NIS) of animals and protists have established in the Laurentian Great Lakes, of which ~67% were attributed to discharge of ballast water from commercial ships. Twenty-three NIS were first discovered in four "hotspot" areas with a high representation of NIS, most notably the Lake Huron – Lake Erie corridor. Despite implementation of the voluntary (1989, Canada) and mandatory (1993, U.S.A.) ballast water exchange (BWE) regulations, NIS were discovered at a higher rate during the 1990s than in the preceding three decades. Here we integrate knowledge of species' invasion histories, shipping traffic patterns, and physicochemical factors that constrain species' survivorship during ballast-mediated transfer to assess the risk of future introductions to the Great Lakes. Our risk-assessment model identified 26 high-risk species that are likely to survive intercontinental transfer in ballast tanks. Of these, 10 species have already invaded the Great Lakes. An additional 37 lower-risk species, of which six have already invaded, show some but not all attributes needed for successful introduction under current BWE management. Our model indicates that the Great Lakes remain vulnerable to ship-mediated NIS invasions.

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