scholarly journals A New Perspective on The Evolutionary History of Darwin's Finches

The Auk ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 864-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Zink
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Darwin's Finches ◽  
Darwin’S Finches ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Perspective

THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF DARWIN'S FINCHES: SPECIATION, GENE FLOW, AND INTROGRESSION IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE

Evolution ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2932-2944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Farrington ◽  
Lucinda P. Lawson ◽  
Courtney M. Clark ◽  
Kenneth Petren
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Fragmented Landscape ◽  
Darwin's Finches ◽  
Darwin’S Finches ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Human influences on antipredator behaviour in Darwin’s finches

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoko M. Gotanda
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Urban Populations ◽  
Darwin's Finches ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Invasive Predators ◽  
Darwin’S Finches ◽  
History Of ◽  
Predator Eradication

Abstract1) Humans exert dramatic influences upon the environment, creating novel selective pressures to which organisms must adapt. On the Galapagos, humans have established a permanent presence and have altered selective pressures through influences such as invasive predators and urbanization, affecting iconic species such as Darwin’s finches.2) Here, I ask two key questions: (i) does antipredator behaviour (e.g. FID) change depending on whether invasive predators are historically absent, present, or eradicated? and (ii) to what degree does urbanization affect antipredator behaviour? This study is one of the first to quantify antipredator behaviour in endemic species after the eradication of invasive predators. This will help to understand the consequences of invasive predator eradication and inform conservation measures.3) I quantified flight initiation distance (FID), an antipredator behaviour, in Darwin’s finches, across multiple islands in the Galapagos that varied in the presence, absence, or successful eradication of invasive predators. On islands with human populations, I quantified FID in urban and non-urban populations of finches.4) FID was higher on islands with invasive predators compared to islands with no predators. On islands from which invasive predators were eradicated ∼11 years previously, FID was also higher than on islands with no invasive predators. Within islands that had both urban and non-urban populations of finches, FID was lower in urban finch populations, but only above a threshold human population size. FID in larger urban areas on islands with invasive predators was similar to or lower than FID on islands with no history of invasive predators.5) Overall, these results suggest that invasive predators can have a lasting effect on antipredator behaviour, even after eradication. Furthermore, the effect of urbanization can strongly oppose the effect of invasive predators, reducing antipredator behaviour to levels lower than found on pristine islands with no human influences. These results improve our understanding of human influences on antipredator behaviour which can help inform future conservation and management efforts on islands.

Nuclear and plastid markers reveal the persistence of genetic identity: A new perspective on the evolutionary history of Petunia exserta

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 504-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Lúcia Anversa Segatto ◽  
Ana Luíza Ramos Cazé ◽  
Caroline Turchetto ◽  
Ulrich Klahre ◽  
Cris Kuhlemeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Genetic Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Plastid Markers ◽  
New Perspective

scholarly journals Ancient evolution of hepadnaviral paleoviruses and their impact on host genomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyros Lytras ◽  
Gloria Arriagada ◽  
Robert J. Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Cenozoic Era ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Animal Genomes

ABSTRACTHepadnaviruses (family Hepadnaviviridae) are reverse-transcribing animal viruses that infect vertebrates. Vertebrate genomes contain DNA sequences derived from ancient hepadnaviruses, and these ‘endogenous hepatitis B viruses’ (eHBVs) reveal aspects of the long-term coevolutionary relationship between hepadnaviruses and their vertebrate hosts. Here, we use a novel, data-oriented approach to recover and analyse the complete repertoire of eHBV elements in published animal genomes. We show that germline incorporation of hepadnaviruses is exclusive to a single vertebrate group (Sauria) and that the eHBVs contained in saurian genomes represent a far greater diversity of hepadnaviruses than previously recognised. Through in-depth characterisation of eHBV elements we establish the existence of four distinct subgroups within the genus Avihepadnavirus and trace their evolution through the Cenozoic Era. Furthermore, we provide a completely new perspective on hepadnavirus evolution by showing that the metahepadnaviruses (genus Metahepadnavirus) originated >300 million years ago in the Paleozoic Era, and has historically infected a broad range of vertebrates. We also show that eHBVs have been intra-genomically amplified in some saurian lineages, and that eHBVs located at approximately equivalent genomic loci have been acquired in entirely distinct germline integration events. These findings indicate that selective forces have favoured the accumulation of hepadnaviral sequences at specific loci in the saurian germline. Our investigation provides a range of new insights into the long-term evolutionary history of reverse-transcribing DNA viruses and demonstrates that germline incorporation of hepadnaviruses has played an important role in shaping the evolution of saurian genomes.

scholarly journals Host phylogeny, diet, and habitat differentiate the gut microbiomes of Darwin’s finches on Santa Cruz Island

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley T. Loo ◽  
Jefferson García-Loor ◽  
Rachael Y. Dudaniec ◽  
Sonia Kleindorfer ◽  
Colleen M. Cavanaugh
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Environmental Filtering ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Santa Cruz Island ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Darwin's Finches ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Dietary Preferences ◽  
Darwin’S Finches ◽  
Host Phylogeny

AbstractDarwin’s finches are an iconic example of an adaptive radiation with well-characterized evolutionary history, dietary preferences, and biogeography, offering an unparalleled opportunity to disentangle effects of evolutionary history on host microbiome from other factors like diet and habitat. Here, we characterize the gut microbiome in Darwin’s finches, comparing nine species that occupy diverse ecological niches on Santa Cruz island. The finch phylogeny showed moderate congruence with the microbiome, which was comprised mostly of the bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Diet, as measured with stable isotope values and foraging observations, also correlated with microbiome differentiation. Additionally, each gut microbial community could easily be classified by the habitat of origin independent of host species. Altogether, these findings are consistent with a model of microbiome assembly in which environmental filtering via diet and habitat are primary determinants of the bacterial taxa present with lesser influence from the evolutionary history between finch species.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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