Clutch Size, Incubation Period, and Nestling Period of the American Goldfinch

The Auk ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Nestling Period

Clutch Size and Productivity in 3 Sympatric Species of Cockatoo (Psittaciformes) in the Southwest of Western-Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
GT Smith ◽  
DA Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Nestling Period ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Nestling Mortality

The galah, long-billed corella and red-tailed black cockatoo coexist throughout much of the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia. Various aspects of the breeding biology of these species were studied at Burakin and Three Springs in 1979. Laying began at the same time of year in all three, although the peak was later and the length of the laying period longer for the red-tailed black cockatoo. Data are given on clutch size, hatching success, nestling mortality, nestling period, fledging weight and productivity for each species at both study sites. The only significant differences between study areas were that the fledging weight and productivity of the galah were greater at Burakin than at Three Springs. Productivity was severely reduced in the galah by an unidentified nestling disease, and in the red-tailed black cockatoo by high infertility and nestling mortality of unknown cause. Between the species, incubation period and fledging period increased with body size but clutch size decreased with body size.

New Nesting Records and Breeding Ecology Observations of Rufous-legged Owls in the Mediterranean Temperate Forest of Central Chile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín A. H. Escobar ◽  
M. Angélica Vukasovic ◽  
Jorge A. Tomasevic ◽  
Sandra V. Uribe ◽  
Ana M. Venegas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Breeding Ecology ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Nestling Diet ◽  
Nestling Period ◽  
Nothofagus Forests ◽  
Southern Beech

ABSTRACT The Rufous-legged Owl (Strix rufipes) is the southernmost Strix owl species and its breeding ecology remains little known. We report new observations on the species' breeding ecology, including clutch size, egg size, duration of the incubation and nestling periods, and nestling diet. We conducted our observations on nests found during the summers of 1999 through 2004 in a forestry landscape of central Chile, dominated by Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) plantations with intermixed fragments of native southern beech (Nothofagus) forests. Clutch size was two eggs (n = 2 nests), with one egg larger than the other (mean = 48.8 × 40.1 mm). The incubation period was 30 d and the nestling period 34 d. We analyzed 10 pellets from nestling owls and identified 45 prey items, mostly dominated by large beetles, grasshoppers, and rodents (native and exotic). This information, though based on a limited number of nests, provides baseline ecological data that can inform future studies.

scholarly journals Behavior, Diet, and Breeding Biology of Double-Toothed Kites at a Guatemalan Lowland Site

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Schulze ◽  
Jose LuÍs CÓrdova ◽  
Nathaniel E. Seavy ◽  
David F. Whitacre
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
National Park ◽  
Maximum Density ◽  
Lowland Forest ◽  
Tropical Lowland ◽  
Nestling Diet ◽  
Tropical Lowland Forest ◽  
Nestling Period ◽  
Closed Canopy

Abstract We studied Double-toothed Kites (Harpagus bidentatus) in tropical lowland forest at Tikal National Park, Petén, Guatemala, documenting behavior and diet during the incubation and nestling periods. These 200-g kites are Accipiter-like in form and strikingly size-dimorphic for a kite. Modal clutch size was two, producing 0.63 fledglings per nesting attempt and 1.25 per successful nest. Nesting was largely synchronous among pairs, with hatching during the first month of the rainy season and fledging one month later. Incubation lasted 42–45 days and nestlings fledged at 29.5 days on average. A radio-tagged fledgling was fed near the nest for 35 days; 6–8 weeks after fledging it dispersed at least 10 km, presumably reaching independence. Males did not incubate or brood, and rarely fed nestlings directly. Males typically provided most but not all prey (mainly lizards) during incubation and early nestling periods. Insects in the nestling diet increased through the nestling period as females increasingly hunted, often bringing in insects. These kites hunted from perches, below and within the closed canopy of tall, mature forest, taking 60.5% insects, 38.1% lizards, and 1.4% other vertebrates; vertebrates comprised at least 75% of prey biomass. Most prey were taken from vegetation, but prey in flight also were captured. Active, adjacent nests averaged 1.35 km apart, for a maximum density estimate of 0.60 pairs km−2 and a more likely estimate of 0.33–0.50 pairs km−2 in homogeneous, favorable habitat and 0.29–0.44 pairs km−2 for Tikal National Park as a whole.

scholarly journals Breeding Biology of Gray-Crowned Tyrannulet in the Monte Desert, Argentina

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo T. Mezquida ◽  
Luis Marone
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Nesting Success ◽  
Nest Failure ◽  
East Central ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Monte Desert ◽  
Present Information ◽  
Nestling Period ◽  
Wet Tropics

Abstract We present information from 75 nests of Gray-crowned Tyrannulet (Serpophaga griseiceps) found in open Prosopis woodlands of the central Monte desert between 1995 and 1997 and compare it with information corresponding to other species of the genus. Breeding occurred from October to January. Nests are small open cups. Both parents participated in nest building, which lasted 4–7 days. In the Prosopis woodland, 98% of the nests were built in chañar (Geoffroea decorticans), which also is commonly used as a nest plant by S. subcristata in east-central Argentina. Mean clutch size did not vary among years nor within the breeding season, and it was similar to that observed in other Serpophaga. Both male and female shared the 13–15 day incubation period. Hatching was asynchronous. Nestling period lasted 13–14 days, during which both parents reared the chicks. Nesting success (26%) appeared to be less than that previously reported for Nearctic open-nesters (50–60%), and Neotropical open-nesters in dry (50%) and wet tropics (35%). Egg and nestling predation were the main cause of nest failure.

The Relationship between Body Weight, Egg Weight, Incubation Period, Nestling Period and Nest Site in the Psittaciformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes and Columbiformes.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Saunders ◽  
GT Smith ◽  
NA Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Nest Site ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Nestling Period ◽  
The Relationship

The theory that landbirds which nest in holes tend to have larger clutches, longer incubation periods and longer nestling periods than those which nest in the open was tested by comparing the Psittaciformes, Columbiformes, Falconiformes and Strigiformes. It was found that among the graminivore-frugivores, the hole-nesting Psittaciformes produce larger clutches, have longer incubation and nestling periods than the open-nesting Columbiformes. Among the carnivore-insectivores, the Strigiformes (which predominantly nest in holes) produce larger clutches and have longer nestling periods than the open-nesting Falconiformes but there is no difference in incubation periods.

scholarly journals Breeding biology of Bengal eyed turtle Morenia petersi (Anderson 1879) in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-181
Author(s):  
Md Lokman Hossain ◽  
Shorab Uddin Sarker ◽  
Noor Jahan Sarker
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Gravid Female ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Nesting Sites ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Clutch

This study was conducted to determine the breeding season, gonad development, egg laying period, clutch size and other biological aspects of Bengal Eyed Turtle, Morenia petersi of Bangladesh. The egg-laying period was found between November and February. The nesting sites were elevated fallow lands in secluded areas. The female turtle laid all the mature eggs at a time for each clutch at night. A gravid female turtle laid two clutches of eggs in each breeding season and the mean clutch size was 9.7 ± 1.5 eggs and mean weight of each egg was 8.9 ± 1.3 g. The eggs are elongated in shape and whitish in colour. The mean incubation period was 119 ± 30 days. The incubation period of first clutch was the longer than the second clutch. The hatchlings emerged out between April and May. Hatchery success was found 56.8%. The percentage of weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) by weight of hatchlings in the first year was greater than second and third year. Present investigation was made to explore the possibility to raise turtle farming in captive condition.Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(2): 169-181, 2014

scholarly journals Increase of clutch size triggers clutch destruction behaviour in common moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) during the incubation period

Behaviour ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longwu Wang ◽  
Canchao Yang ◽  
Yu-Cheng Hsu ◽  
Anton Antonov ◽  
Arne Moksnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Brood Parasitism ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Egg Recognition ◽  
Conspecific Brood Parasitism ◽  
Egg Discrimination ◽  
Incubation Stage ◽  
Egg Colour ◽  
Egg Destruction

Conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) is common in a variety of animal taxa, including birds. In coots (Fulica spp.), and the closely related moorhens (Gallinula spp.), such parasitism is especially common, and hosts experience considerable costs through increased chick competition soon after hatching. Hence, these birds have evolved egg recognition and rejection abilities, e.g., egg counting, burying the foreign eggs, assigning them suboptimal positions within the mixed clutch, or deserting parasitized clutches. For common moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) it has been shown that desertion of parasitized nests pays most at the early egg laying stage. Later on, the costs of desertion exceed the costs of brood parasitism and acceptance is favoured. Here we tested moorhen egg discrimination behaviour during the incubation stage when acceptance of foreign eggs is expected. Four treatments were applied: (1) single added non-mimetic pale blue egg, (2) single added non-mimetic white chicken egg, (3) four foreign conspecific eggs added to the clutch and (4) four foreign conspecific eggs exchanged for four host eggs. Moorhens responded by egg destruction (47%) only to the increased clutch size but not to foreign egg colour and size match. In three nests where egg destruction occurred, all the eggs in the mixed clutch were destroyed by pecking, in two other nests one of the foreign eggs were pecked, while two other nests were deserted. These results are puzzling since moorhens have been shown to possess refined egg recognition abilities. To our knowledge, such destruction of parasitized clutches by moorhens during incubation has not previously been reported. We suggest that after clutch completion, moorhens use increase in clutch size as a cue to determine if they have been parasitized, and some individuals choose to reject parasitic eggs by deserting or destroying the whole clutch.

scholarly journals Temperature-sex determination in Podocnemis expansa (Testudines, Podocnemididae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Bonach ◽  
Adriana Malvasio ◽  
Eliana R. Matushima ◽  
Luciano M. Verdade
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Araguaia River ◽  
Podocnemis Expansa

This study has been carried out at the central region of the Araguaia river on the border between the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso in the Brazilian Amazon Basin from September to December 2000. We recorded temperature fluctuation, clutch-size, incubation period and hatching success rate and hatchlings' sex ratio of five nests of Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812). Despite the relatively small sample size we infer that: a) nests of P. expansa in the central Araguaia river have a lower incubation temperature than nests located further south; however, incubation period is shorter, hatching success rate is lower and clutch-size is larger; b) Podocnemis expansa may present a female-male-female (FMF) pattern of temperature sex-determination (TSD); c) thermosensitive period of sex determination apparently occur at the last third of the incubation period; and, d) future studies should prioritize the relationship between temperature variation (i.e., range and cycle) and embryos development, survivorship and sex determination.

Intraspecific nest parasitism in Red-breasted Mergansers

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 2454-2458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Young ◽  
Rodger D. Titman
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Nest Parasitism ◽  
Mergus Serrator ◽  
Intraspecific Nest Parasitism ◽  
Reproductive Tactic ◽  
Nesting Season

We studied intraspecific nest parasitism in an island nesting population of Red-breasted Mergansers (Mergus serrator) in New Brunswick. Of the nests examined, 64% contained eggs from more than one female. This estimate is probably low because the criteria to detect parasitism were conservative. Parasitized nests were initiated, on average, 3 days earlier than normal nests. Parasitic laying occurred throughout the nesting season. A larger proportion of eggs hatched from normal (89%) than from parasitized (75%) nests because 14% of the eggs in parasitized nests were laid during the host's incubation period and failed to hatch in time. A greater percentage of eggs hatched from parasitized nests during the peak nesting period. Parasitized and normal nests produced the same number of ducklings. There was no difference in the percentage of dead, infertile, and lost eggs from normal compared to parasitized nests. The number of nests containing at least one dead egg increased with clutch size. Most host females accepted parasitic eggs during incubation without deserting. Incubation was prolonged on parasitized nests and on nests with low synchronization of embryo development. Nest parasitism is a common reproductive tactic in at least some female Red-breasted Mergansers.

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