A Mid-Victorian Coverup: The Case of The “Combustible Commodore” and the Second Anglo-Burmese War, 1851–1852

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-183
Author(s):  
Oliver B. Pollak
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Capacity To Act ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Armed Intervention ◽  
Line Officer

The origins of the Second Anglo-Burmese War in late 1851 were the subject of a Mid-Victorian bipartisan and bureaucratic coverup throughout 1852-53. The Government of India in Calcutta had successfully maintained a policy of “non-intercourse” following removal in 1840 of its diplomatic representatives from Burma despite frequent uncoordinated calls for remonstrance by merchants, missionaries and military administrators. In 1851, a convergence of factors, most notably the alleged mistreatment of British subjects in Rangoon, captured the President in Council's attention in Calcutta resulting in a policy change which led to armed intervention. Calcutta's renewed interest in Burma occurred while politicans in London prepared to scrutinize the bureaucratic relations between the London-based Cabinet and the East India Company.Official discussions in Calcutta about Burma occurred while Governor General Dalhousie was “up country on progress” and at the very time that the Council wanted to test its capacity to act independently. The Council resorted to a unit of the Royal Navy then in Calcutta enroute from Acheh to the Persian Gulf. Commodore George Robert Lambert offered to deliver letters to Burmese authorities in Rangoon and negotiate on behalf of the English subjects. Lambert's reputation for moderation recommended him to Calcutta officials. His instructions from Council and private letters from Dalhousie advised caution and the avoidance of confrontation. Yet Lambert, a line officer, ultimately responsible to the Admiralty in London, could conceivably ignore Calcutta's wishes and chart his own course.

The establishment of the East India Company Residency at Baghdād, 1798–1806

1967 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Yapp
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
East India Company ◽  
British Government ◽  
British Policy ◽  
Political Agent ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Important Shift

The establishment of a British political agent at Baghdad marked an important shift in British policy in the area of the Persian Gulf. It underlined the changing interest from trade to politics, the recognition of the strategic problem of Indian defence, and the assertion by the British Government in India of a policy towards the Ottoman Empire which was in contrast to that of the Government in England. During the period of office of the first Resident, Harford Jones, these changes were but dimly perceived through the fog of personal feuds which surrounded him. None the less these feuds did ultimately reflect significant divisions about policy.

scholarly journals The East India Company and the pirates of the Persian Gulf from the first punitive expedition to the signing of the General Maritime Treaty

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 194-205
Author(s):  
Andrzej Pierzchała
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
The Way

Although almost every sea was dominated by Royal Navy, it couldn’t reach every single place in the world. Trade company’s ships and fully armed merchant ships many times had to take care of themselves. The East India Company had an independent policy that goes beyond the subcontinent. During the first decade of 19th century, the most difficult problem to solve (except the problems of India) was the Persian Gulf, which appeared to be the source of many profits and problems, that wasn’t easy to solve and took a lots of time to conclude.The Treaty of 1820 solved the problems of sea and overland campaigns. The times before signing the agreement and the way, it was created are included in this article.

Ratansi Purshottam, the Gujaratis of Muscat, and the Global Connectivity of Indian Ocean Transregional Markets

2019 ◽  
pp. 269-284
Author(s):  
Calvin H. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Global Market ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Commercial Network

This chapter provides a case study of the career of Seth Ratansi Purshotam to demonstrate the role of Gujarati Banyans of Muscat, Oman in linking that port’s transregional commercial network of India, the Persian Gulf, and East Africa to the global market. Ratansi, a native of Mandvi, Kachhch, began his career as a clerk in his uncle’s shop in 1857, opened his own shop in 1867, and by the 1880s until his death in 1904 was one of the leading importers/exporters and money lenders of Muscat and a principal financier of the government of Oman as the customs farmer. During that period Ratansi joined with other Banyan, Khoja, and Arab merchants to expand and strengthen direct contacts with European and American commercial outlets for the export of Omani products, especially dates, and the import of Western manufactured consumer goods, most notably arms and ammunition.

scholarly journals Art. XIII.—A remarkable Appearance in the Indian Seas; in a Letter from Lieutenant Dawson

1838 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 198-200
Author(s):  
H. D.
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Monsoon ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
West Monsoon ◽  
Indian Seas

I beg leave to lay before the meeting an extract from the private journal of Lieutenant Henry Dawson, a very intelligent officer of the Royal Navy, at present employed on civil duties with the Indian Navy at Bombay, containing an account of a very extraordinary phenomenon, which was observed on the passage from Bombay to the Persian Gulf (the southern passage), on board the Honourable Company's sloop of war Clive, in 1832. On my first going to India, I was in the habit of intimacy with the late Captain David Seton, who was many years Resident at Muscat, and I well remember hearing him relate the circumstance of falling in with the while sea, described by Mr. Dawson, on his occasional voyages to Muscat, during the period of the south-west monsoon. So many years, however, have since elapsed, I am unable to give any more detail of the circumstance related by that officer, and merely here allude to it in proof of the phenomenon having been before observed.

New Alliances in the Middle East

Worldview ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Stephen Oren
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Arab Population ◽  
Arab Gulf ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
The U.S

Growing tensions in the Persian Gulf area threaten to plunge this oil-rich region into violent conflict. The conflict could well become a full-fledged Middle East war involving the U.S. and the USSR as these superpowers go in turn to the aid of their clients. The recent clashes between Iraqi and Kuwaiti troops, Iran's decision to buy $2 billion worth of U.S. arms and political disputes in Pakistan between Baluchi tribesmen and the government are all signs of the tensions.Who are the antagonists? On the one side, the radical Army-Ba'ath regime in Iraq, with its predominantly Arab population of over nine million, makes no bones of its conviction that the Iranian monarchy is doomed, that the Persian Gulf area (which it terms the Arab Gulf) should be dominated by Arabs, and that Iraq is the natural leader of the Arabs of the Gulf area.

XII. Researches on the tides.—eleventh series. On certain tide observations made in the Indian seas

1839 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 163-166 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Malabar Coast ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Indian Seas ◽  
Made In

Certain series of tide observations, made at several places in the Indian Seas, having been forwarded to the Admiralty by the Honourable East India Company, I examined these by the assistance of Mr. D. Ross of the Hydrographer’s Office. The observations were very incomplete, as the following account of them will show. But as the tides of those seas offer some very curious phenomena, I endeavoured to dis­cover how far these phenomena were illustrated by the observations thus sent ; and I now lay the results of this examination before the Society, in order that they may be preserved, and combined with any information obtained hereafter from these seas. The places of observation were Coringa Bay, on the coast of Golconda . . Lat. N. 16° 49' Long. E. 82° 6' Cochin, on the Malabar coast . . . . . . 9 57½ 76 29 Surat Roads, in the Gulf of Cambay . . . 21 11 73 5½ Gogah, on the opposite side of the Gulf of Cambay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .} 21 41 72 23 Bassadore, at the western extremity of the Island of Kismis, at the entrance of the Persian Gulf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .} 26 39 55 32 1. At Cochin .—Although there are two years’ tides (1836,1837) for this place, still they are only taken once in twenty-four hours; and on examination of the heights they seldom vary more than one foot from spring to neap, but the range is only three feet.

Notes on Capt. Durand's Report Upon the Islands of Bahrein

1880 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-227
Author(s):  
H. Rawlinson
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Persian Gulf

Having been led by Capt. Durand's discoveries at Bahrein to look into the question of the antiquities of the Persian Gulf, I have been surprised to find how much new and interesting matter relating to this region has been accumulated since Vincent and Heeren conducted their investigations into “the commerce and navigation of the ancients”; and although, therefore, I have not sufficient leisure at my command at present to work out the inquiry as it deserves to be worked out, I have still thought that the notes collected during my desultory reading might be usefully submitted to a meeting of this Society, both with a view to the partial illustration of the subject, and more especially in the hope of suggesting lines of research to other and more competent students.

scholarly journals Researches on the tides. Eleventh series. On certain tide observations made in the India Seas

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 152-153
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
East India Company ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Indian Seas ◽  
Made In

This paper contains the results of the examination by the author of certain series of tide observations made at several places in the Indian Seas, which were forwarded to the Admiralty by the Hon. East India Company. These localities were Cochin, Corringa River, Surat roads in the Gulf of Cambay, Gogah, on the opposite side of the same gulf, and Bassadore, in the Island of Kissmis in the Persian Gulf.

scholarly journals The Historical Background to Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy from the Early Postwar Era to the Establishment of the PKO Act 1945–1992

2022 ◽  
pp. 21-38
Author(s):  
Hiromi Nagata Fujishige ◽  
Yuji Uesugi ◽  
Tomoaki Honda
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World War ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Gulf Crisis ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
The Cold War

AbstractIn this chapter, we will review the evolution of Japan’s peacekeeping policy from the immediate aftermath of Japan’s defeat in 1945 to the enactment of the Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) Act in 1992. In the first section, we will look at the historical background during the postwar period (in this book, the term “postwar” denotes the period in Japan from its defeat in World War II in 1945 to the end of the Cold War in around 1990), including the rise of anti-militarism, the hidden rearmament, the establishment of the de facto ban on overseas military dispatch, the rejection of the UN’s request for the Self-Defense Forces’ (SDF’s) deployment to a United Nations Peacekeeping Operation (UNPKO) and the aborted plan to dispatch a minesweeper to the Persian Gulf. This section will also examine the Government of Japan’s legal standpoint about the possibility of SDF deployment to a UNPKO. In the second section, we will clarify how the Gulf Crisis/War in 1990–1991 made Japan abandon the taboo against overseas military dispatch. Then, we will review the course of the challenging lawmaking process of the PKO Act, which was finally passed in June 1992. Lastly, we will see the restrictions inserted into the PKO Act, such as the so-called Five Principles.

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