A Two-Process Model for Control of Legato Articulation across a Wide Range of Tempos during Piano Performance

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pieter Jacobs ◽  
Daniel Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Functional Dependence ◽  
Half Cycle ◽  
Central Process ◽  
Nonlinear Functional ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Slow Tempo

The key overlap times (KOTs) required for legato articulation vary markedly with tempo. For scales/ arpeggios performed at interonset intervals (IOIs) of 100-1000 ms, prior reports show an increasing but nonlinear functional dependence of KOT on IOI. Because the major nonlinearity appears in the long-IOI (slow-tempo) region, the dependence of KOT on IOI is not attributable to gross biomechanical factors, such as finger inertias. Herein, we show that the dependence can arise from a neural circuit in which a predictive central process and a slow sensory feedback process cooperate to control articulation. An oscillating neural network is first constructed as an extension of the vector-integration-to-endpoint (VITE) model for voluntary control of movement. The resulting circuit exhibits volition-controlled oscillation rates. It also affords predictive control by continuously computing an internal estimate of the remaining " time-to-contact" (TTC) with a targeted integration level, the reaching of which triggers the oscillator's next half cycle. At fixed successive threshold values of this estimate of time remaining in the current half cycle, the performer first launches keystroke n + 1 and then lifts keystroke n. As tempo slows, the time required to pass between threshold crossings elongates, and KOT increases. However, if performers used only such a central process to control articulation, they would not show the bend seen in the slow tempo region of the KOT vs. IOI function. The bend emerges if performers lift keystroke n whenever they cross the second internal threshold or receive sensory feedback from stroke n + 1, whichever comes earlier. Empirical estimates of feedback delay times are consistent with this interpretation.

Evaluation of the accuracy indicators in determination of the coating thickness by crater grinding method

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
K. V. Gogolinsky ◽  
A. E. Ivkin ◽  
V. V. Alekhnovich ◽  
A. Yu. Vasiliev ◽  
A. E. Tyurnina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coating Thickness ◽  
Functional Dependence ◽  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Metrological Certification ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Properties Of Coatings ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Grinding Method ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Wide Range

Thickness is one of the key indicators characterizing the quality and functional properties of coatings. Various indirect methods (electromagnetic, radiation, optical) most often used in practice to measure thickness are based on the functional dependence of a particular physical parameter of the system «base – coating» on the coating thickness. The sensitivity of these procedures to the certain properties of coatings imposes the main restriction to the accuracy of measurements. Therefore, the development and implementation of the approaches based on direct measurements of geometric parameters of the coating appears expedient. These methods often belong to the class of «destructive» and, in addition to measuring instruments, require the use of special equipment. To ensure the uniformity of measurements in the laboratory or technological control, these methods are isolated as a separate procedure (method) and must undergo metrological certification in accordance with GOST R 8.563–2009. We present implementation, metrological certification and practical application of the method for measuring thickness of coatings by crater-grinding method. The principles of technical implementation of test equipment, measurement procedure and calculation formulas are described. The results of evaluating the accuracy indicators of the proposed procedure by calculation and experimental methods are presented. In both cases, the relative error did not exceed 6%. The applicability of the developed technique is shown for a wide range of coating materials (from soft metals to superhard ceramics) of different thickness (with from units to hundreds of micrometers). Apart from the goals of process control and outgoing inspection, the method can be recommended as a reference measurement procedure for calibration of measures and adjusting samples for various types of thickness gauges.

A brief scale of pathological worry that everyone already has

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Verkuil ◽  
Briana Brownlow ◽  
Michael Vasey ◽  
Jos F. Brosschot ◽  
Julian F. Thayer
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Divergent Validity ◽  
Central Process ◽  
Life Study ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Excellent Internal Consistency ◽  
Convergent And Divergent Validity ◽  
Pathological Worry ◽  
Anxiety Questionnaire

Worry is a central process in a wide range of psychopathological and somatic conditions. Three studies (N = 856) were used to test whether a subscale composed of five items of the most commonly used trait anxiety questionnaire, Spielberger’s State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait version (STAI-T), is appropriate to measure worry. Results showed that the subscale, named the Brief Worry Scale (BWS), had excellent internal consistency and temporal stability. Convergent and divergent validity were supported by correlation analyses using worry questionnaires and measures of anxious arousal and depression. The BWS was a particularly good predictor of the pathogenic aspects of worry, including worry perseveration in daily life (study 1), measures of clinical worry (study 2) and the uncontrollability of experimentally induced worry (study 3). Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the BWS might be a valuable scale for pathological worry, for which many researchers already have data.

Asymptotic for LS estimators in the EV regression model for dependent errors

Filomat ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (15) ◽  
pp. 4845-4856
Author(s):  
Konrad Furmańczyk
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Functional Dependence ◽  
Dependent Data ◽  
Errors In Variables ◽  
Mixing Conditions ◽  
Asymptotic Results ◽  
Dependence Measure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ev Regression Model ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear

We study consistency and asymptotic normality of LS estimators in the EV (errors in variables) regression model under weak dependent errors that involve a wide range of linear and nonlinear time series. In our investigations we use a functional dependence measure of Wu [16]. Our results without mixing conditions complete the known asymptotic results for independent and dependent data obtained by Miao et al. [7]-[10].

scholarly journals Towards the Dependence on Parameters for the Solution of the Thermostatted Kinetic Framework

Axioms ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Bruno Carbonaro ◽  
Marco Menale
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Continuous Dependence ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Functional Dependence ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Classical Mechanics ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Probability Densities

A complex system is a system involving particles whose pairwise interactions cannot be composed in the same way as in classical Mechanics, i.e., the result of interaction of each particle with all the remaining ones cannot be expressed as a sum of its interactions with each of them (we cannot even know the functional dependence of the total interaction on the single interactions). Moreover, in view of the wide range of its applications to biologic, social, and economic problems, the variables describing the state of the system (i.e., the states of all of its particles) are not always (only) the usual mechanical variables (position and velocity), but (also) many additional variables describing e.g., health, wealth, social condition, social rôle ⋯, and so on. Thus, in order to achieve a mathematical description of the problems of everyday’s life of any human society, either at a microscopic or at a macroscpoic scale, a new mathematical theory (or, more precisely, a scheme of mathematical models), called KTAP, has been devised, which provides an equation which is a generalized version of the Boltzmann equation, to describe in terms of probability distributions the evolution of a non-mechanical complex system. In connection with applications, the classical problems about existence, uniqueness, continuous dependence, and stability of its solutions turn out to be particularly relevant. As far as we are aware, however, the problem of continuous dependence and stability of solutions with respect to perturbations of the parameters expressing the interaction rates of particles and the transition probability densities (see Section The Basic Equations has not been tackled yet). Accordingly, the present paper aims to give some initial results concerning these two basic problems. In particular, Theorem 2 reveals to be stable with respect to small perturbations of parameters, and, as far as instability of solutions with respect to perturbations of parameters is concerned, Theorem 3 shows that solutions are unstable with respect to “large” perturbations of interaction rates; these hints are illustrated by numerical simulations that point out how much solutions corresponding to different values of parameters stay away from each other as t→+∞.

scholarly journals Robust estimation of vertical symmetry axis models via joint migration inversion: Including multiples in anisotropic parameter estimation

Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. C57-C74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman A. Alshuhail ◽  
Dirk J. Verschuur
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Axis ◽  
Transverse Isotropy ◽  
Half Cycle ◽  
Anisotropic Parameter ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Internal Multiples

Because the earth is predominately anisotropic, the anisotropy of the medium needs to be included in seismic imaging to avoid mispositioning of reflectors and unfocused images. Deriving accurate anisotropic velocities from the seismic reflection measurements is a highly nonlinear and ambiguous process. To mitigate the nonlinearity and trade-offs between parameters, we have included anisotropy in the so-called joint migration inversion (JMI) method, in which we limit ourselves to the case of transverse isotropy with a vertical symmetry axis. The JMI method is based on strictly separating the scattering effects in the data from the propagation effects. The scattering information is encoded in the reflectivity operators, whereas the phase information is encoded in the propagation operators. This strict separation enables the method to be more robust, in that it can appropriately handle a wide range of starting models, even when the differences in traveltimes are more than a half cycle away. The method also uses internal multiples in estimating reflectivities and anisotropic velocities. Including internal multiples in inversion not only reduces the crosstalk in the final image, but it can also reduce the trade-off between the anisotropic parameters because internal multiples usually have more of an imprint of the subsurface parameters compared with primaries. The inverse problem is parameterized in terms of a reflectivity, vertical velocity, horizontal velocity, and a fixed [Formula: see text] value. The method is demonstrated on several synthetic models and a marine data set from the North Sea. Our results indicate that using JMI for anisotropic inversion makes the inversion robust in terms of using highly erroneous initial models. Moreover, internal multiples can contain valuable information on the subsurface parameters, which can help to reduce the trade-off between anisotropic parameters in inversion.

scholarly journals SHEETFLOW SEDIMENT TRANSPORT UNDER SKEWED - ASYMMETRIC WAVES AND CURRENTS

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (33) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Phuong Dong ◽  
Shinji Sato
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Sand Transport ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
Half Cycle ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Waves And Currents ◽  
Asymmetric Flows

Prototype scale laboratory experiments have been conducted to investigate the sheetflow sediment transport of uniform sands under different skewed-asymmetric oscillatory flows. Experimental results reveal that in most of the case with fine sand, the “cancelling effect”, which balances the on-/off-shore net transport under pure asymmetric/skewed flows and results a moderate net transport, was developed for combined skewed-asymmetric flow. However, under some certain conditions (T > 5s) with coarse sands, the onshore sediment transport was enhanced by 50% under combined skewed-asymmetric flows. Sand transport mechanism under oscillatory sheetflow conditions is also studied by comparing the maximum bed shear stress and the phase lag parameter at each half cycle. A comparison of measurements including the new experimental data with a number of practical sand transport formulations shows that the Dong et al. (2013) formulation performs the best in predicting the measured net transport rates over a wide range of experimental conditions

scholarly journals Business Process Models in the Context of Predictive Process Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Florian Spree
Keyword(s):  
Process Monitoring ◽  
Business Process ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Business Process Model ◽  
Business Process Models ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Predictive Process

Predictive process monitoring is a subject of growing interest in academic research. As a result, an increased number of papers on this topic have been published. Due to the high complexity in this research area a wide range of different experimental setups and methods have been applied which makes it very difficult to reliably compare research results. This paper's objective is to investigate how business process models and their characteristics are used during experimental setups and how they can contribute to academic research. First, a literature review is conducted to analyze and discuss the awareness of business process models in experimental setups. Secondly, the paper discusses identified research problems and proposes the concept of a web-based business process model metric suite and the idea of ranked metrics. Through a metric suite researchers and practitioners can automatically evaluate business process model characteristics in their future work. Further, a contextualization of metrics by introducing a ranking of characteristics can potentially indicate how the outcome of experimental setups will be. Hence, the paper's work demonstrates the importance of business process models and their characteristics in the context of predictive process monitoring and proposes the concept of a tool approach and ranking to reliably evaluate business process models characteristics.

scholarly journals Effects of social network diversity in the disablement process: a comparison of causal inference methods and an outcome-wide approach to the Indonesian Family Life Surveys, 2007–2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Schröders ◽  
Fatwa Sari Tetra Dewi ◽  
Maria Nilsson ◽  
Mark Nichter ◽  
Miguel San Sebastian
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Disablement Process ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background Social networks (SN) have been proven to be instrumental for healthy aging and function as important safety nets, particular for older adults in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite the importance of interpreting health outcomes in terms of SN, in many LMICs – including Indonesia – epidemiological studies and policy responses on the health effects of SN for aging populations are still uncommon. Using outcome-wide multi-method approaches to longitudinal panel data, this study aims to outline more clearly the role of SN diversity in the aging process in Indonesia. We explore whether and to what degree there is an association of SN diversity with adult health outcomes and investigate potential gender differences, heterogeneous treatment effects, and effect gradients along disablement processes. Methods Data came from the fourth and fifth waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey fielded in 2007–08 and 2014–15. The analytic sample consisted of 3060 adults aged 50+ years. The primary exposure variable was the diversity of respondents’ SN at baseline. This was measured through a social network index (SNI), conjoining information about household size together with a range of social ties with whom respondents had active contact across six different types of role relationships. Guided by the disablement process model, a battery of 19 outcomes (8 pathologies, 5 impairments, 4 functional limitations, 2 disabilities) were included into analyses. Evidence for causal effects of SN diversity on health was evaluated using outcome-wide multivariable regression adjustment (RA), propensity score matching (PSM), and instrumental variable (IV) analyses. Results At baseline, 60% of respondents had a low SNI. Results from the RA and PSM models showed greatest concordance and that among women a diverse SN was positively associated with pulmonary outcomes and upper and lower body functions. Both men and women with a high SNI reported less limitations in performing activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL) tasks. A high SNI was negatively associated with C-reactive protein levels in women. The IV analyses yielded positive associations with cognitive functions for both men and women. Conclusions Diverse SN confer a wide range of strong and heterogeneous long-term health effects, particularly for older women. In settings with limited formal welfare protection, intervening in the SN of older adults and safeguarding their access to diverse networks can be an investment in population health, with manifold implications for health and public policy.

Reflection of Conductive Plane Covered by Double Inhomogeneous Plasma Slab

2012 ◽  
Vol 229-231 ◽  
pp. 941-944
Author(s):  
Fei Yan ◽  
Zhong Cai Yuan ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Shi Lian Gong ◽  
Zheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Functional Dependence ◽  
Inhomogeneous Plasma ◽  
Plasma Electron ◽  
Reflection Coefficients ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plasma Slab ◽  
Electromagnetic Signals ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Plasma Electron Density

This paper presents numerical results in the form of graphs of the power reflection coefficients for electromagnetic signals normally incident upon a conductive plane covered with two layers of inhomogeneous plasma slabs. The plasma electron density varies only in the direction perpendicular to the plane. Parameters considered in the computation cover a relatively wide range and the functional dependence of the power reflection coefficients on these parameters is studied. The results indicate that in a rather broad frequency range, the electromagnetic attenuations by the double slabs obviously excel the sum of attenuations resulted from two plasma layers when each layer exits respectively. The structure presented is easy to set up, which is instructive for plasma stealth.

scholarly journals The role of carbon dioxide in nematode behaviour and physiology

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (8) ◽  
pp. 841-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navonil Banerjee ◽  
Elissa A. Hallem
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sensory Cue ◽  
Context Dependent

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) is an important sensory cue for many animals, including both parasitic and free-living nematodes. Many nematodes show context-dependent, experience-dependent and/or life-stage-dependent behavioural responses to CO2, suggesting that CO2 plays crucial roles throughout the nematode life cycle in multiple ethological contexts. Nematodes also show a wide range of physiological responses to CO2. Here, we review the diverse responses of parasitic and free-living nematodes to CO2. We also discuss the molecular, cellular and neural circuit mechanisms that mediate CO2 detection in nematodes, and that drive context-dependent and experience-dependent responses of nematodes to CO2.

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