The Avoidance of Inner-Voice Entries: Perceptual Evidence and Musical Practice

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Huron ◽  
Deborah A. Fantini
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Musical Practice ◽  
Inner Voice ◽  
Perceptual Evidence ◽  
Inner Voices

Experimental evidence has shown that entries of inner voices are more difficult to perceive than entries of outer voices in multivoiced music. A study of voice entries in 75 fugues by J. S. Bach shows no significant avoidance of inner-voice entries in three- and four-voice textures. However, in the case of five-voice textures, Bach does demonstrate a significant reluctance to have a voice enter in an inner-voice position. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that Bach endeavors to minimize perceptual confusion in his polyphonic works as the textural density increases.

The Inner Voice and the Plural Self

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1455-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lester
Keyword(s):  
Inner Voice ◽  
Inner Voices

In a sample of 182 undergraduates, scores on the Plural Self Scale were associated with scores on a scale designed to measure the presence of violent inner voices.

The Avoidance of Part-Crossing in Polyphonic Music: Perceptual Evidence and Musical Practice

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Huron
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Musical Practice ◽  
Perceptual Evidence ◽  
Polyphonic Music

A number of experimental studies have demonstrated that the perceptual tracking of auditory streams is confounded when streams cross with respect to pitch. A study of part-crossing in 105 polyphonic works by J. S. Bach shows a marked reluctance to have parts cross—even when the effects of pitch distribution (tessitura) are controlled. Moreover, when the textural density increases beyond two concurrent voices, Bach becomes more vigilant to avoid part-crossing even though an increase in part- crossing is preordained. In light of evidence that perceptual confusion increases with the number of concurrent voices, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that Bach endeavors to minimize perceptual confusion as the density of auditory images increases.

How do memory modules differentially contribute to familiarity and recollection?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olya Hakobyan ◽  
Sen Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Memory Modules ◽  
Familiarity And Recollection ◽  
Memory Contents

Abstract We fully support dissociating the subjective experience from the memory contents in recognition memory, as Bastin et al. posit in the target article. However, having two generic memory modules with qualitatively different functions is not mandatory and is in fact inconsistent with experimental evidence. We propose that quantitative differences in the properties of the memory modules can account for the apparent dissociation of recollection and familiarity along anatomical lines.

Redox Reactions in Lipid Membranes as a Model for Primordial Energy-Conserving Systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 437-442
Author(s):  
Salvatore Di Bernardo ◽  
Romana Fato ◽  
Giorgio Lenaz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Asymmetrical Distribution ◽  
Energy Conserving ◽  
Living Organisms

AbstractOne of the peculiar aspects of living systems is the production and conservation of energy. This aspect is provided by specialized organelles, such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts, in developed living organisms. In primordial systems lacking specialized enzymatic complexes the energy supply was probably bound to the generation and maintenance of an asymmetric distribution of charged molecules in compartmentalized systems. On the basis of experimental evidence, we suggest that lipophilic quinones were involved in the generation of this asymmetrical distribution of charges through vectorial redox reactions across lipid membranes.

A Method for Setting the Clearance Angle

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
Michael T. Bucek ◽  
Howard J. Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Clearance Angle ◽  
Crude Approximation ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

It is believed by the authors, with supporting experimental evidence, that as little as 0.5°, or less, knife clearance angle may be a critical factor in obtaining optimum quality ultrathin sections. The degree increments located on the knife holder provides the investigator with only a crude approximation of the angle at which the holder is set. With the increments displayed on the holder one cannot set the clearance angle precisely and reproducibly. The ability to routinely set this angle precisely and without difficulty would obviously be of great assistance to the operator. A device has been contrived to aid the investigator in precisely setting the clearance angle. This device is relatively simple and is easily constructed. It consists of a light source and an optically flat, front surfaced mirror with a minute black spot in the center. The mirror is affixed to the knife by placing it permanently on top of the knife holder.

Introductory Remarks

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 598-599
Author(s):  
H. Mohri
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Constant Length ◽  
Thin Filaments ◽  
Bridge Formation ◽  
Thick Filaments ◽  
Sliding Mechanism ◽  
Radial Spokes ◽  
Cilia And Flagella

In 1959, Afzelius observed the presence of two rows of arms projecting from each outer doublet microtubule of the so-called 9 + 2 pattern of cilia and flagella, and suggested a possibility that the outer doublet microtubules slide with respect to each other with the aid of these arms during ciliary and flagellar movement. The identification of the arms as an ATPase, dynein, by Gibbons (1963)strengthened this hypothesis, since the ATPase-bearing heads of myosin molecules projecting from the thick filaments pull the thin filaments by cross-bridge formation during muscle contraction. The first experimental evidence for the sliding mechanism in cilia and flagella was obtained by examining the tip patterns of molluscan gill cilia by Satir (1965) who observed constant length of the microtubules during ciliary bending. Further evidence for the sliding-tubule mechanism was given by Summers and Gibbons (1971), using trypsin-treated axonemal fragments of sea urchin spermatozoa. Upon the addition of ATP, the outer doublets telescoped out from these fragments and the total length reached up to seven or more times that of the original fragment. Thus, the arms on a certain doublet microtubule can walk along the adjacent doublet when the doublet microtubules are disconnected by digestion of the interdoublet links which connect them with each other, or the radial spokes which connect them with the central pair-central sheath complex as illustrated in Fig. 1. On the basis of these pioneer works, the sliding-tubule mechanism has been established as one of the basic mechanisms for ciliary and flagellar movement.

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