Dynamic Pitch Perception for Complex Tones Derived from Major Triads

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Nakajima ◽  
Takashi Tsumura ◽  
Seiichi Matsuura ◽  
Hiroyuki Minami ◽  
Ryunen Teranishi
Keyword(s):  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Complex Tone ◽  
Spectral Envelope ◽  
Spectral Components ◽  
Complex Tones ◽  
Group A ◽  
New Type ◽  
Logarithmic Frequency ◽  
Human Ear ◽  
Pitch Movement

A new type of complex tone that demonstrates pitch circularity is described. For such tones, the spectral envelope is trapezoidal on the coordinates of logarithmic frequency and logarithmic amplitude, and remains constant. The components of each tone form a major triad within each octave. The component frequencies were increased by steps of 1/10 octave from tone to tone, until the first tone was obtained again. According to our paired comparison experiments for pitch, which were analyzed using the multidimensional scaling technique, two kinds of pitch circularities appear. One group of subjects shows a pitch circularity corresponding to the exact spectral periodicity of an octave, and the other group a circularity corresponding to the roughly viewed spectral periodicity of 1/3 octave. The human ear seems to detect a global pitch movement when some spectral components move in the same direction by similar degrees on the logarithmic frequency dimension.

Dynamic Pitch Perception for Complex Tones of Periodic Spectral Patterns

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Nakajima ◽  
Hiroyuki Minami ◽  
Takashi Tsumura ◽  
Hiroshi Kunisaki ◽  
Shigeki Ohnishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Pitch Perception ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Tones ◽  
Logarithmic Frequency ◽  
Human Ear ◽  
Spectral Patterns ◽  
Pitch Movement

Pitch circularity as found in Shepard tones was examined by using complex tones that had various degrees of exactness in their spectral periodicities on the logarithmic frequency dimension. This dimension was divided into periods of 1400 cents by tone components, and each period was subdivided into two parts of a fixed ratio of 700:700, 600:800, 550:850, 500:900, 450:950, 400:1000, or 0:1400. Subjects made paired comparison judgments for pitch. When the subdividing ratio was 0: 1400 or 400:1000, the subjects responded to the spectral periodicity of 1400 cents, and, when the ratio was 700:700 or 600:800, they responded to the periodicity of 700 cents. Some seemingly intermediate cases between these two extremes or some qualitatively different cases were obtained in the other conditions. As we have asserted before, the human ear appears to detect a global pitch movement when some tone components move in the same direction by similar degrees on the logarithmic frequency dimension.

scholarly journals Preparation of side chain liquid crystal polyether chelating resin and its adsorption properties for Cu2+ in water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoyi Qian ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Qing Gao ◽  
Huaiwei Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Chelating Resin ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Adsorption Model ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Group A ◽  
New Type ◽  
Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization

Abstract With epoxycyclohexane as critical modifying monomer, the copolyether was obtained by cationic ring-opening polymerization of epichlorohydrin and epoxycyclohexane. Then biphenyl was used as the mesogen, and diglycolamidic acid was used as the terminal chelating group, a new type of side chain liquid crystal polyether chelating resin was prepared at last. The adsorption influence factors, reuse performance, adsorption model and adsorption kinetics of the chelated resin on Cu 2+ in water were studied systematically. The results showed that the resin has good adsorption and reuse performance for the treatment of Cu 2+ in water, and the adsorption of Cu 2+ is Langmuir monolayer adsorption, and the adsorption process conforms to a quasi-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption performances of the chelated resin has great potential for recovery of copper resource from non-ferrous smelting industry.

scholarly journals DIFFERENTIATION OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI WITH A COMMON R ANTIGEN INTO THREE SEROLOGICAL TYPES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BACTERICIDAL TEST

1957 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Lancefield ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Biological Test ◽  
T Antigens ◽  
Group A ◽  
New Type

In further study of streptococci having the R antigen, the bactericidal test has been used instead of the mouse protection test in investigating the type-specific M antigens of these organisms. The results have been confirmed by M anti-M precipitin tests, and a correlation between the M and T antigens of the strains has been shown. On the basis of a specific M antigen, type 28 has been shown to comprise Griffith's strain Small and four other R-containing strains. A number of other strains previously thought to belong to type 28 on the basis of R antigen reactions have now been identified as belonging either to type 2 or to a new type, designated 48, which shows a one-way cross-relationship to type 13. The bactericidal test is suggested as a useful method for assessing M antigen in group A streptococci and for establishing type-specificity by means of a biological test which is more widely applicable than the standard mouse protection test.

4-Cyano-2-butenyl Group: A New Type of Protecting Group in Oligonucleotide Synthesis via Phosphoramidite Approach

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (7-9) ◽  
pp. 1709-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasulinga T. Ravikumar ◽  
Zacharia S. Cheruvallath ◽  
Douglas L. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Protecting Group ◽  
Oligonucleotide Synthesis ◽  
Group A ◽  
New Type

ChemInform Abstract: Nucleosides. Part 59. The 2-(4-Nitrophenyl)ethylsulfonyl (Npes) Group: A New Type of Protection in Nucleoside Chemistry.

ChemInform ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
M. PFISTER ◽  
H. SCHIRMEISTER ◽  
M. MOHR ◽  
S. FARKAS ◽  
K.-P. STENGELE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group A ◽  
New Type

Nucleosides. Part LIX. The 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylsulfonyl (Npes) Group: A New Type of Protection in Nucleoside Chemistry

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1705-1737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Pfister ◽  
Helga Schirmeister ◽  
Marion Mohr ◽  
Silke Farkas ◽  
Klaus-Peter Stengele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group A ◽  
New Type

4-Cyano-2-butenyl group: A new type of protecting group in oligonucleotide synthesis via phosphoramidite approach

1996 ◽  
Vol 37 (37) ◽  
pp. 6643-6646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasulinga T. Ravikumar ◽  
Zacharia S. Cheruvallath ◽  
Douglas L. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Protecting Group ◽  
Oligonucleotide Synthesis ◽  
Group A ◽  
New Type

Some Experiments Relating to the Perception of Complex Tones

1973 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Complex Tone ◽  
Frequency Separation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Complex Stimulus ◽  
Complex Tones ◽  
Intensity Changes ◽  
Masking Noise ◽  
Input Waveform ◽  
The Individual

Pattern recognition models for the perception of complex tones assume that the pitch of a complex tone is derived from more primary sensations, such as the pitches of the individual partials. Thus a complex tone will only have a well-defined pitch when at least one partial in the complex is separately perceptible. Models based on time-interval measurements, on the other hand, require an interaction of the original components, so that the periodicity of the input waveform is preserved. In Experiment I the relative intensity of a “target” tone, necessary for its identification in the presence of either one or two “masking” tones, was determined, over a range of frequencies. This intensity changes abruptly at around 5 kHz, a result consistent with the idea that the pitches of pure tones are determined by temporal mechanisms for frequencies up to 5 kHz, and by place mechanisms for frequencies above this. In Experiments II and III the audibility of the partials in a multi-tone complex was measured as a function of their frequency separation and compared with the range of conditions over which a complex stimulus produced a clear pitch sensation, using the same set of subjects in each experiment. It was found that under some conditions the complex had a well-defined pitch when none of the individual partials was separately audible. This is contrary to the predictions from the pattern recognition models. The effects of masking noise in the frequency region below the complex, and the results of individual subjects, also did not conform with the predictions from these models. Such models are not ruled out, however, for low harmonic numbers, or for stimuli containing only a small number of partials.

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