In vivo Digestibility of Kleingrass from Fecal Nitrogen Excretion

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Ferri ◽  
Nestor P. Stritzler ◽  
Miguel A. Brizuela ◽  
Horacio J. Petruzzi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Fecal Nitrogen

scholarly journals In vivo digestibility of kleingrass from fecal nitrogen excretion.

2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. Ferri ◽  
N.P. Stritzler ◽  
M.A. Brizuela ◽  
H.J. Petruzzi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Fecal Nitrogen

Effects of Right Hemicolectomy on Fecal Nitrogen Excretion in Rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
D. Bustos ◽  
G. Negri ◽  
J.C. Bandi ◽  
M.I. Caldarini ◽  
K. Ogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemicolectomy ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Fecal Nitrogen

Growth hormone administration in older adults: effects on albumin synthesis

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (6) ◽  
pp. E840-E844 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Zachwieja ◽  
D. M. Bier ◽  
K. E. Yarasheski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Albumin Synthesis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Evidence suggests that the albumin gene contains a growth hormone (GH) responsive element. Our purpose was to determine if GH administration to older men increases the rate of albumin synthesis and whether this is related to the increase in nitrogen retention observed during short-term recombinant human GH (rhGH) administration. Five older men (60-75 yr) received daily injections (40 micrograms/kg) of rhGH for 2 wk, whereas four others received daily injections (10 micrograms/kg) for 4 wk. In both the 2- and 4-wk recipients, rhGH administration increased (P < 0.05) fasting plasma insulin-like growth factor I levels and reduced (P < 0.05) 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion. However, during an overnight fast, the fractional rate of albumin synthesis determined by the in vivo rate of incorporation of intravenously infused L-[1-13C]leucine into plasma albumin was unchanged after 2 or 4 wk of treatment. The average plasma albumin fractional synthetic rate was 8.6 +/- 0.6%/day before and 9.4 +/- 0.7%/day after rhGH treatment (P = 0.12). We conclude that short-term rhGH administration and the subsequent increase in urinary nitrogen retention does not result in an increase in the rate of plasma albumin synthesis in older men.

Identification of two glucocorticoid response elements in the promoter region of the ubiquitous isoform of glutamine synthetase in gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (4) ◽  
pp. R1075-R1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Esbaugh ◽  
Patrick J. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Luciferase Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Response Elements ◽  
Glucocorticoid Response ◽  
Glucocorticoid Response Elements ◽  
Gulf Toadfish

Unlike most teleosts, gulf toadfish have the capacity to switch from ammoniotely to ureotely as the predominate means of nitrogen excretion during periods of stress. The switch to ureotely is a result of increased glutamine synthetase (GS) mRNA expression/enzyme activity in the liver and muscle, which is initiated by cortisol. Cortisol typically affects gene expression through the action of cortisol-activated transcription factors, such as glucocorticoid receptors, which bind to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) in the upstream regulatory region of genes. The purpose of the present study was to identify the GRE responsible for increased GS gene expression during crowding/confinement in gulf toadfish using an in vivo luciferase reporter assay. Upstream promoter regions for both the ubiquitous and gill GS isoforms were amplified by PCR. Additionally, an intron was amplified from the ubiquitous GS isoform that suggested the possibility of two discreet transcripts for the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic proteins. When tested via in vivo reporter assays, both the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ubiquitous GS promoters showed increased luciferase activity during crowding vs. noncrowded controls; the gill GS promoter showed no effects in response to crowding. In silico analysis of the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ubiquitous GS promoter constructs showed an overlapping section of 565 bp containing two potential GREs. Mutation of either site alone had no effect on luciferase activity vs. wild-type controls. However, when both sites were mutated a significant decrease in luciferase activity was observed. We conclude that two functional GREs combine to confer cortisol-inducible GS expression in the liver of gulf toadfish.

scholarly journals Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 628-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Frayn
Keyword(s):  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

This paper reviews the assumptions involved in calculating rates of carbohydrate and fat oxidation from measurements of O2 consumption, CO2 production, and urinary nitrogen excretion. It is shown that erroneous results are obtained in the presence of metabolic processes such as lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. The apparent rates calculated under these conditions can, however, be interpreted as net rates of “utilization.” Thus the apparent rate of carbohydrate oxidation is the sum of the rates of utilization for oxidation and for lipogenesis minus the rate at which carbohydrate is formed from amino acids. The apparent rate of fat oxidation is the difference between the rates of oxidation and synthesis from carbohydrate, so that the apparently negative rates encountered in patients infused with glucose do quantitatively represent net rates of synthesis. Other processes such as synthesis of ketone bodies or lactate at rates greater than their utilization can also disturb the calculations, but the magnitude of the effect can be estimated from appropriate measurements. Methods of correcting the observed gaseous exchange in these circumstances are given.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS ON METABOLISM

1962 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 897-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Joe Berry ◽  
Dorothy S. Smythe ◽  
Susannah McC. Kolbye
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxins ◽  
Small Change ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Lower Ratio ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

The greater susceptibility to the lethal effects of bacterial endotoxin (heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, in mice infected with an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BCG) was confirmed. It reached a maximum at 2 weeks postinfection and gradually diminished for an additional 6 weeks. At the time of maximum susceptibility several metabolic and physiological differences became apparent. BCG-infected mice die sooner (4 to 12 hours) and without the diarrhea, conjunctivitis, and general symptomatology associated with endotoxin deaths of normal animals. Reticuloendothelial blockade results in only a small change in reactivity to endotoxin, in contrast to normal mice. Subcutaneous injection of 2 units of ACTH is followed by no significant increase in urinary nitrogen excretion while in control animals it more than doubles. Plasma clearance of intravenously administered inulin is approximately normal in BCG-infected mice 17 hours after an LD50 dose of endotoxin but control mice similarly treated show renal impairment. In line with this result is the absence of elevated carcass non-protein nitrogen (NPN) following endotoxin poisoning or at the moment of death from endotoxemia in the hyperreactive animals in contrast to the two- to threefold increase in carcass NPN in normal mice under similar conditions. Body carbohydrate is at a minimum and becomes depleted to a level approximating that found at death more rapidly in BCG-infected mice given endotoxin than in controls. There is also a lower ratio of carbohydrate anabolized to protein catabolized following cortisone administration to BCG-infected mice than in control mice. This is found in adrenalectomized mice and in stressed animals and is reported elsewhere. Some of the differences just described can be attributed to a refractory adrenal cortex. There is less depletion of adrenal cholesterol in vivo and lower corticoid synthesis in vitro than in normal mice yet this is not fundamentally responsible for the greater susceptibility of BCG-infected animals to endotoxin since adrenalectomized mice, which are even more susceptible, are metabolically and physiologically more comparable to normal mice than to BCG-infected mice. One can conclude, therefore, that the hyperreactivity of BCG-infected mice is more than an intensification of the normal response to endotoxin.

scholarly journals Tannin-containing legumes and forage diversity influence foraging behavior, diet digestibility, and nitrogen excretion by lambs1,2

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3994-4009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Lagrange ◽  
Juan J Villalba
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Nutrient Profiles ◽  
Forage Diversity

Abstract Diverse combinations of forages with different nutrient profiles and plant secondary compounds may improve intake and nutrient utilization by ruminants. We tested the influence of diverse dietary combinations of tannin- (sainfoin-Onobrichis viciifolia; birdsfoot trefoil-Lotus corniculatus) and non-tannin- (alfalfa-Medicago sativa L.) containing legumes on intake and diet digestibility in lambs. Freshly cut birdsfoot trefoil, alfalfa, and sainfoin were offered in ad libitum amounts to 42 lambs in individual pens assigned to 7 treatments (6 animals/treatment): 1) single forage species (sainfoin [SF], birdsfoot trefoil [BFT], and alfalfa [ALF]), 2) all possible 2-way choices of the 3 forage species (alfalfa-sainfoin [ALF-SF], alfalfa-birdsfoot trefoil [ALF-BFT], and sainfoin-birdsfoot trefoil [SF-BFT]), or 3) a choice of all 3 forages (alfalfa-sainfoin-birdsfoot trefoil [ALF-SF-BFT]). Dry matter intake (DMI) was greater in ALF than in BFT (P = 0.002), and DMI in SF tended to be greater than in BFT (P = 0.053). However, when alfalfa was offered in a choice with either of the tannin-containing legumes (ALF-SF; ALF-BFT), DMI did not differ from ALF, whereas DMI in SF-BFT did not differ from SF (P &gt; 0.10). When lambs were allowed to choose between 2 or 3 legume species, DMI was greater (36.6 vs. 33.2 g/kg BW; P = 0.038) or tended to be greater (37.4 vs. 33.2 g/kg BW; P = 0.067) than when lambs were fed single species, respectively. Intake did not differ between 2- or 3-way choice treatments (P = 0.723). Lambs preferred alfalfa over the tannin-containing legumes in a 70:30 ratio for 2-way choices, and alfalfa &gt; sainfoin &gt; birdsfoot trefoil in a 53:33:14 ratio for the 3-way choice. In vivo digestibility (DMD) was SF &gt; BFT (72.0% vs. 67.7%; P = 0.012) and DMD in BFT tended to be greater than in ALF (64.6%; P = 0.061). Nevertheless, when alfalfa was offered in a choice with either sainfoin or birdsfoot trefoil (ALF-SF; ALF-BFT), DMD was greater than ALF (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively), suggesting positive associative effects. The SF treatment had lower blood urea nitrogen and greater fecal N/N intake ratios than the ALF, BFT, or ALF-BFT treatments (P &lt; 0.05), implying a shift in the site of N excretion from urine to feces. In conclusion, offering diverse combinations of legumes to sheep enhanced intake and diet digestibility relative to feeding single species, while allowing for the incorporation of beneficial bioactive compounds like condensed tannins into the diet.

THE ENDOGENOUS URINARY AND METABOLIC FECAL NITROGEN EXCRETIONS OF NEWBORN DAIRY CALVES

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Cunningham ◽  
G. J. Brisson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Fecal Nitrogen ◽  
Endogenous Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolic Fecal Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Daily observations were made on the fecal and urinary nitrogen excretions of four calves fed nitrogen-free diets during the second and fifth weeks after birth. The endogenous urinary nitrogen excretion was equivalent to 65.3 mg. per kg. of body weight (W) per day or 186 mg. per kg. W0.72. The metabolic fecal nitrogen excretion averaged 44.0 mg. per kg. of body weight per day or 0.334 per cent of the dry matter intake.

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