Women and Men in Warfare and Migration: Implications of Gender Imbalance in the Grasshopper Region of Arizona

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia C. Lowell
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Gender Imbalance ◽  
Predominantly Female ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

This study demonstrates that gender imbalance can explain certain problematic artifact assemblages. Typical warfare refugee populations include more women than men because more men than women are killed in conflicts. This paper proposes that predominantly female warfare refugees altered the material culture of the Grasshopper region of Arizona during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. This thesis is supported by the temporal congruity of multiple lines of evidence, including evidence outside of the region for the violent deaths of more men than women and evidence within the region for female- dominated burials, immigration, and gendered continuities and discontinuities in material culture.

Postmarital Residence Practices in the Windover Population: Sex-Based Dental Variation as an Indicator of Patrilocality

2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula D. Tomczak ◽  
Joseph F. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Early Archaic ◽  
Sexual Division Of Labor ◽  
Postmarital Residence ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

This study examines postmarital residence patterns at the Windover site, an Early Archaic occupation located in east-central Florida. Residence patterns are assessed using a population genetics model based on isolation by distance and migration matrix methods. Variation in nonmetric dental traits is examined among a group of 40 adult males and 43 adult females. The sex with the higher within-group variance is considered the more mobile sex, thereby providing a possible reflection of residential patterns. Results indicate that females are almost twice as variable as males, thus suggesting patrilocality. However, this result is not statistically significant at the .05 probability level. Additional lines of evidence are assessed in conjunction with dental data. Specifically, ethnographic data indicate that subsistence and sexual division of labor are important factors related to social organization, including residence. Although these lines of evidence can be used to support the dental data and patrilocality, they are not conclusive. Future studies of activity patterns, disease, mortuary remains, and material culture may help to clarify the issue of postmarital residence patterns at Windover.

Convergent lines of evidence support NOTCH4 as a schizophrenia risk gene

2020 ◽  
pp. jmedgenet-2020-106830
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Shiwu Li ◽  
Xiaoyan Li ◽  
Yongfeng Yang ◽  
Wenqiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Eqtl Analysis ◽  
Risk Gene ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Eqtl Data ◽  
Lines Of Evidence ◽  
Brain Tissues

The association between NOTCH4 and schizophrenia has been repeatedly reported. However, the results from different genetic studies are inconsistent, and the role of NOTCH4 in schizophrenia pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we provide convergent lines of evidence that support NOTCH4 as a schizophrenia risk gene. We first performed a meta-analysis and found that a genetic variant (rs2071287) in NOTCH4 was significantly associated with schizophrenia (a total of 125 848 subjects, p=8.31×10−17), with the same risk allele across all tested samples. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis showed that rs2071287 was significantly associated with NOTCH4 expression (p=1.08×10−14) in human brain tissues, suggesting that rs2071287 may confer schizophrenia risk through regulating NOTCH4 expression. Sherlock integrative analysis using a large-scale schizophrenia GWAS and eQTL data from human brain tissues further revealed that NOTCH4 was significantly associated with schizophrenia (p=4.03×10−7 in CMC dataset and p=3.06×10−6 in xQTL dataset), implying that genetic variants confer schizophrenia risk through modulating NOTCH4 expression. Consistently, we found that NOTCH4 was significantly downregulated in brains of schizophrenia patients compared with controls (p=2.53×10−3), further suggesting that dysregulation of NOTCH4 may have a role in schizophrenia. Finally, we showed that NOTCH4 regulates proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation and migration of neural stem cells, suggesting that NOTCH4 may confer schizophrenia risk through affecting neurodevelopment. Our study provides convergent lines of evidence that support the involvement of NOTCH4 in schizophrenia. In addition, our study also elucidates a possible mechanism for the role of NOTCH4 in schizophrenia pathogenesis.

The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Islamic Art ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Islamic Archaeology ◽  
First Time

Born from the fields of Islamic art and architectural history, the archaeological study of the Islamic societies is a relatively young discipline. With its roots in the colonial periods of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, its rapid development since the 1980s warrants a reevaluation of where the field stands today. This Handbook represents for the first time a survey of Islamic archaeology on a global scale, describing its disciplinary development and offering candid critiques of the state of the field today in the Central Islamic Lands, the Islamic West, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia. The international contributors to the volume address such themes as the timing and process of Islamization, the problems of periodization and regionalism in material culture, cities and countryside, cultural hybridity, cultural and religious diversity, natural resource management, international trade in the later historical periods, and migration. Critical assessments of the ways in which archaeologists today engage with Islamic cultural heritage and local communities closes the volume, highlighting the ethical issues related to studying living cultures and religions.

Birth and Childhood

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Archaeological Investigation ◽  
Death Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Skeletal Material ◽  
Children And Childhood ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Source Of Information

This chapter provides a brief overview of the emergence of children and childhood as a subject for archaeological investigation, before outlining archaeological evidence for medieval birth and childhood from settlement and cemetery excavations. Children’s burials provide information on the social persona and treatment of children at death, attitudes to the death of infants and older children, and their memorialization in the form of burial location, and above-ground monuments such as brasses. Skeletal material yields evidence of age at death, as well as information on health and life-course. Isotope and other scientific analyses of skeletal material is providing further information about childhoods, including diet and migration. Settlements are a fruitful source of information about geographies of medieval childhoods, children’s involvement in work and play, and the material culture of medieval childhood.

scholarly journals A Reprise of the Properties of the Exotic Eclipsing Binary RT Lacertae

2002 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.F. Milone
Keyword(s):  
Light Curve ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Type Systems ◽  
Eclipsing Binary ◽  
Circumstellar Material ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
General Expectation ◽  
Nature Gas ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

AbstractThe 5.07-d eclipsing system RT Lacertae is at the interface of Algol systems and RS CVn-type systems. Three strong lines of evidence support its Algolid nature: gas streaming; the close proximity of the larger star to its Roche lobe; and evidence of circumstellar material. Supporting the stellar activity model are moderately successful, if non-unique, modeling of light curve anomalies and ‘migration waves’ with star spot models, and a general expectation based on similarities to RS CVn-like systems. Recent work by Lanza et al. (2002) provides support for the latter class of models, but other light curve analyses and non-optical passband studies are examined below and directions for the resolutions of the problems and paradoxes presented by the RT Lac system are provided. An observational campaign to acquire simultaneous spectroscopic, photometric, and polarimetric data is suggested.

Excavating and interpreting ancestral action: Stories from the subsurface of Orokolo Bay, Papua New Guinea

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Urwin
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
House Construction ◽  
Gulf Of Papua ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Comparative Study

The Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea, is a rapidly changing geomorphic and cultural landscape in which the ancestral past is constantly being (re)interpreted and negotiated. This paper examines the importance of subsurface archaeological and geomorphological features for the various communities of Orokolo Bay in the Gulf of Papua as they maintain and re-construct cosmological and migration narratives. The everyday practices of digging and clearing for agriculture and house construction at antecedent village locations bring Orokolo Bay locals into regular engagement with buried pottery sherds (deposited during the ancestral hiri trade) and thin strata of ‘black sand’ (iron sand). Local interpretations and imaginings of the subsurface enable spatio-temporal interpretations of the ancestors' actions and the structure of ancestral settlements. These interpretations point to the profound entanglement of orality and material culture and suggest new directions in the comparative study of alternative archaeologies.

Documentary Archaeology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Beaudry
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Research Project ◽  
The Past ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Documentary archaeology involves a process that is begun afresh for each archaeological site or research project: that of ‘constructing the archive’ through integrating differing lines of evidence. For historical archaeologists, the archive includes written records, oral traditions, and material culture; often elements of the archive provide overlapping, conflicting, or entirely different insights into the past, requiring resolution and integration because of differences in scale, completeness, representativeness, temporal resolution, and lack of correspondence. This chapter explores how historical archaeologists use and analyse textual sources in writing archaeological narratives and considers the intertextuality of sources by analysing contrasting examples of success and of failure in attempts to establish a dialogue between above-ground and below-ground evidence.

Concepts of Ethnicity and Culture in Andean Archaeology

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M. Stovel
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Andean Archaeology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Social Entities ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Although Andean archaeology has long used the term “ethnic” to refer to human groups, new understandings of ethnicity have injected less static understandings of contextualized identity construction into our models of the past. A review of recent work on ethnicity in the field reveals, however, that methodological approaches to these social entities do not always follow suit and rather favor normative synchronie comparisons. This paper explores the origins and trends in the study of ethnic groups and ethnicity in Andean archaeology, arguing that we may be seeing the persistence of the culture concept in the guise of ethnicity. It also examines best practices in the literature in order to make recommendations concerning the adoption of local, contextual, and diachronic methods in conjunction with multiple lines of evidence. These practices are more likely to expose the processes of identity construction by rendering explicit the relationships among culture, ethnicity, and the use of emblemic material culture. It argues, thereby, for the provision of proof of this process rather than its assertion.

Creating urban communities at Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania, AD 800-1300

Antiquity ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (312) ◽  
pp. 368-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Wynne-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
East African ◽  
East African Coast ◽  
Common Culture ◽  
Surface Survey ◽  
The Social ◽  
African Coast ◽  
And Migration

Urban communities on the medieval East African coast have been previously discussed in terms of ethnicity and migration. Here assemblages from coastal towns and from surface survey in the interior are used to paint a different picture of urban (Swahili) origins. The author shows that coast and interior shared a common culture, but that coastal sites grew into ‘stonetowns’ thanks to the social impact of imports: the material culture structured the society.

scholarly journals Animals as Raw Material in Beringia: Insights from the Site of Swan Point CZ4B, Alaska

2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
François B. Lanoë ◽  
Charles E. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithic Technology ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Animal Resource ◽  
Lines Of Evidence ◽  
Activity Areas

We document the use of organic raw material in late Pleistocene eastern Beringia through the study of the site of Swan Point CZ4b, in central Alaska. CZ4b is attributed to the Dyuktai culture and dates to about 14,000 cal B.P. We interpret the occupation as a specialized workshop dedicated to the production and maintenance of organic-based tools following three lines of evidence: (1) limited on-site consumption of megafauna, (2) diversity of organic raw materials and techniques used in processing them, and (3) spatial demarcation of specialized activity areas. Specialized workshops are located in the vicinity of naturally occurring accumulations of mammoth bones in both western and eastern Beringia and suggest similarities in animal resource use across Beringia for the Dyuktai culture. Organic technology was a major portion of Dyuktai technology in eastern Beringia, and its lack of visibility in archaeological assemblages is probably due to taphonomic reasons. Changes in the availability of organic raw material throughout the Late Pleistocene offer some implications for the evolution of lithic technology and material culture.

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