Effects of Contour Furrowing, Grazing Intensities and Soils on Infiltration Rates, Soil Moisture and Vegetation near Fort Peck, Montana

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Branson ◽  
R. F. Miller ◽  
I. S. McQueen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Grazing Intensities

INFILTRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A GUELPH LOAM SOIL FROM ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGIC DATA

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Percy ◽  
H. D. Ayers ◽  
L. R. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
Hydrologic Data ◽  
Loam Soil

Graphical analysis of 9 years of hydrologic data was used to derive 46 infiltration curves for 0.05-acre plots of Guelph loam. The rankings of infiltration rates under four management practices were: continuous corn < bare ground < oats after corn < corn after 2 years of hay. Mass infiltration decreased as soil moisture increased, and increased as the amount of rain during a storm increased.Mass infiltration tended to decrease with time on a plot planted continuously to corn for 9 years.

scholarly journals Evidence for enhanced infiltration of ion load during snowmelt

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1431-1457
Author(s):  
G. Lilbæk ◽  
J. W. Pomeroy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Meltwater ion concentration and infiltration rate into frozen soil both decline rapidly as snowmelt progresses. Their temporal association is highly non-linear and a covariance term must be added in order to use time-averaged values of snowmelt ion concentration and infiltration rate to calculate chemical infiltration. The covariance is labelled enhanced infiltration and represents the additional ion load that infiltrates due to the timing of high meltwater concentration and infiltration rate. Previous assessment of the impact of enhanced infiltration has been theoretical; thus, experiments were carried out to examine whether enhanced infiltration can be recognized in controlled laboratory settings and to what extent its magnitude varies with soil moisture. Three experiments were carried out: dry soil conditions, unsaturated soil conditions, and saturated soil conditions. Chloride solution was added to the surface of frozen soil columns; the concentration decreased exponentially over time to simulate snow meltwater. Infiltration excess water was collected and its chloride concentration and volume determined. Ion load infiltrating the frozen soil was specified by mass conservation. Results showed that infiltrating ion load increased with decreasing soil moisture as expected; however, the impact of enhanced infiltration increased considerably with increasing soil moisture. Enhanced infiltration caused 2.5 times more ion load to infiltrate during saturated conditions than that estimated using time-averaged ion concentrations and infiltration rates alone. For unsaturated conditions, enhanced infiltration was reduced to 1.45 and for dry soils to 1.3. Reduction in infiltration excess ion load due to enhanced infiltration increased slightly (2–5%) over time, being greatest for the dry soil (45%) and least for the saturated soil (6%). The importance of timing between high ion concentrations and high infiltration rates was best illustrated in the unsaturated experiment, which showed large inter-column variation in enhanced ion infiltration due to variation in this temporal covariance.

scholarly journals Soil moisture and soybean physiology affected by drought in an integrated crop-livestock system

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 978-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Posselt Martins ◽  
Sérgio Ely Valadão Gigante de Andrade Costa ◽  
Ibanor Anghinoni ◽  
Taise Robinson Kunrath ◽  
Diego Cecagno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Grazing Intensities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Physiology Parameters ◽  
Wilting Point ◽  
Livestock System

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of grazing intensities after 11 years of an integrated crop-livestock system, under no-tillage, on soil moisture and soybean physiological parameters during a summer season affected by drought. The experiment was established in 2001 on a Rhodic Hapludox. Treatments consisted in the succession of soybean (summer) and a mixed pasture of black oat + Italian ryegrass (winter), under different beef-cattle grazing intensities: intensive grazing, with 0.10-m pasture height; moderate grazing, with 0.20-m pasture height; and no grazing. During the soybean cycle, in the 2011/2012 crop season, rainfall was 40% of the climatological normal. The soil moisture was within the limits of available water both under moderate grazing and no grazing, at 0.00-0.50-m soil depth, but, under intensive grazing, it was below the permanent wilting point, especially up to the grazing height of 0.20 m. Intensive grazing affected negatively the plant physiology parameters, reaching peaks of -2.5 MPa and +6°C for leaf water potential and leaf-air temperature difference, respectively. Moderate grazing or the absence of grazing, during the winter season, results in similar physiological responses, contributing to soybean plant homeostasis.

The root growth of irrigated perennial pastures and its effect on soil structure.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
KP Barley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Organic Particles

A separate of coherent organic particles obtained from soil suspensions by flotation and filtration is termed macroorganic matter. Three-year-old irrigated perennial pastures were found to have added 10 tons per acre of oven-dry macroorganic matter to a sandy loam at Deniliquin. Over half of this material hail been added to the top three inches of the soil. For any one pasture, as the macroorganic matter content of the top three inches of soil increased, infiltration rate decreased. When comparison was made at common macroorganic matter and soil moisture contents, soils under co-dominant white clover-perennial grass pastures were found to have higher infiltration rates than soils under lucerne-dominant pastures. The variability of the quantities measured is described.

scholarly journals Soil moisture storage in mature and replanted sub-humid boreal forest stands

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Elliott ◽  
B. M. Toth ◽  
R. J. Granger ◽  
J. W. Pomeroy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Soil Moisture Storage ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Moisture Storage ◽  
Moisture Profiles

Soil moisture profiles at two mature forest sites (Pine and Mixed-Wood) and two plantations (1981 Pine and 1992 Mixedwood) in central Saskatchewan were studied in conjunction with soil properties, precipitation, interception and evapotranspiration. Sampling locations within each stand were chosen to highlight differences in soil moisture due to interception, evapotranspiration and soil physical properties.Soil moisture storage to 1-m depth was greatest on the 92-Plantation where transpiration and interception of precipitation were less than the other sites. Moisture storage in the 81-Plantation was similar to that in the mixed-wood stand. The Pine stand had the lightest textured soils and stored least water to 1-m depth. Variability in moisture storage was also observed within stands and was associated with canopy structure and density, water extraction patterns and mechanical site preparation. In the furrows at the 92-Plantation, wet soils in combination with low infiltration rates and transpiration may have lead to the generation and channelling of rainfall runoff during a major rainfall event. Key words: Boreal forest, hydrological pathways, soil moisture, infiltration, interception, evapotranspiration

Soil Moisture Redistribution as Affected by Throughfall and Stemflow in an Arid Zone Shrub Community

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Pressland
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Ground Flora ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Stem Flow ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Acacia Aneura

Changes in soil moisture under various densities of mulga (Acacia aneura F. Muell.) were followed from December 1971 to October 1973. Stemflow was instrumental in storing water at depth in the soil, being particularly noticeable with medium falls of rain (~ 75 mm); heavy (~ 160 mm) falls tended to mask the effect. Throughfall increased linearly with aggregate rainfall, and percentage throughfall decreased with increasing tree density. Of incoming precipitation, 94% was partitioned as throughfall under a tree density of 40 trees/ha-1 compared with 86% at a density of 4000 trees/ha. No distinct soil moisture patterns due to throughfall were found. Infiltration rates of water into the soil decreased with increasing distance from trees, being 46, 22 and 17 mm/h-1 after 10 min at distances 0.25, 0.5 and 2 m from a tree bole respectively, thus demonstrating that stemflow waters are absorbed at close proximity to the tree bole.The results are discussed in terms of the ecological importance of stem flow and soil moisture patterning to the survival and growth of mulga and associated ground flora.

scholarly journals Laboratory evidence for enhanced infiltration of ion load during snowmelt

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1365-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lilbæk ◽  
J. W. Pomeroy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Meltwater ion concentration and infiltration rate into frozen soil both decline rapidly as snowmelt progresses. Their temporal association is highly non-linear and a covariance term must be added in order to use time-averaged values of snowmelt ion concentration and infiltration rate to calculate chemical infiltration. The covariance is labelled enhanced ion infiltration and represents the additional ion load that infiltrates due to the timing of high meltwater concentration and infiltration rate. Previous assessment of the impact of enhanced ion infiltration has been theoretical; thus, experiments were carried out to examine whether enhanced infiltration can be recognized in controlled laboratory settings and to what extent its magnitude varies with soil moisture. Three experiments were carried out: dry soil conditions, unsaturated soil conditions, and saturated soil conditions. Chloride solutions were added to the surface of frozen soil columns; the concentration decreased exponentially over time to simulate snow meltwater. Infiltration excess water was collected and its chloride concentration and volume determined. Ion load infiltrating the frozen soil was specified by mass conservation. Results showed that infiltrating ion load increased with decreasing soil moisture as expected; however, the impact of enhanced ion infiltration increased considerably with increasing soil moisture. Enhanced infiltration caused 2.5 times more ion load to infiltrate during saturated conditions than that estimated using time-averaged ion concentrations and infiltration rates alone. For unsaturated conditions, enhanced ion infiltration was reduced to 1.45 and for dry soils to 1.3. Reduction in infiltration excess ion load due to enhanced infiltration increased slightly (2–5%) over time, being greatest for the dry soil (45%) and least for the saturated soil (6%). The importance of timing between high ion concentrations and high infiltration rates was best illustrated in the unsaturated experiment, which showed large inter-column variation in enhanced ion infiltration due to variation in this temporal covariance.

Growth and phenology of winter wheat and oats in a dual-purpose management system

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Kelman ◽  
H. Dove
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Stem Apex ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Grazing Intensities ◽  
Grazing Period

Dual-purpose cereal cropping is gaining acceptance among growers in mixed farming systems. Success in particular seasons depends on management decisions regarding choice of cereal species, sowing date, timing of grazing, and stocking rate. A more detailed understanding of how these factors influence the growth, phenology, and grain yield of the major cereal forages is needed to model these systems. Wheat (cvv. Whistler and Mackellar) and oats (cv. Blackbutt) were grown under dual-purpose management near Canberra, ACT, over 3 years (2004–06) in 2 crop sequences: wheat-oats-wheat and oats-wheat-wheat. In each year, crops were grazed by sheep at low (20/ha), medium (30–35 /ha), and high (40–52 /ha) grazing intensities. In the pre-grazing periods, measurements of phyllochron interval (PI), tiller development rate (TDR), and stem apex height were made. Post-grazing growth rate was determined from shoot biomass cuts taken at the end of grazing and at grain harvest. Soil moisture changes during each year were monitored to examine the pattern of soil water use under varying grazing intensities. In unusually dry periods in March–April 2004 and 2005, oats established significantly denser plant populations than wheat. In 2004, this initial advantage of oats resulted in greater feed on offer at the start of grazing than wheat, whereas in 2005, higher TDR, lower PI of wheat, and the longer duration of tillering resulted in similar amounts of feed on offer at the start of grazing. Elongation of the stem apex was more rapid in wheat than oats, indicating that wheat would be more at risk of damage during grazing. The post-grazing growth rate of wheat and oats was significantly lower than the ungrazed control in the dry spring years of 2004 and 2006, but significantly higher in the wetter spring year of 2005. While reduction in growth rate at high stocking rate was most likely caused by extreme reduction in leaf area, the causes of increases in growth rate following more lenient grazing require further investigation. In 2004 and 2005, there was no significant difference between crops or between stocking rate treatments in soil water depletion during the post-grazing period. However, in 2006, when soil moisture was not affected by rainfall in the post-grazing period, significantly more water was depleted from soil in the 0.60–1.70 m depth under low and medium stocking rate treatments than under the ungrazed control treatment. A gross margin analysis showed greater economic returns for the dual-purpose compared with a grain-only option in each year, most notably in the very dry season in 2006, when conventional practice would have been to sacrifice the grain crop to grazing or hay production.

scholarly journals Grazing management in temperate grassland of Kumaun Himalaya for soil water conservation

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-349
Author(s):  
Prem Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vegetation Production

Overgrazing by livestock has caused major changes in the productivity and composition of rangeland vegetation in India. The main problem stems from the fact that the carrying capacity of rangelands is low as a result of low vegetation cover, and is decreasing with range degradation. This has an impact on land degradation which affects the rangeland hydrology. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the physio-hydrological responses of soil to different intensities of livestock grazing and land management by comparing the effect of uncontrolled grazed land and fenced off (ungrazed) land. There is a need to understand the hydrology of rangeland so as to propose ways of improving carrying capacity of rangeland. The study site had two different treatments: fenced off to prevent grazing, and uncontrolled grazed treatments. Plant biomass was measured at the end of the season. The results showed that there is a significant difference in infiltration rate and soil moisture among the two treatments. Infiltration rates were substantially greater in summer than in winter. On day 1 the steady infiltration rate in summer was twice the winter rate. The infiltration rate in summer on day 2, which is a better measure of the steady rate, was 2.5 times the winter rate. The differences between seasons were statistically very significant (p < 0.001). The effect of treatments on soil moisture was proportional to the effect of vegetation, as well as the effect of soil type on soil moisture, thus vegetation production depends on soil moisture.

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