Conscience and its Counterfeits in Organizational Life: A New Interpretation of the Naturalistic Fallacy

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Goodpaster
Keyword(s):  
Deep Level ◽  
Organizational Ethics ◽  
Naturalistic Fallacy ◽  
Organizational Life ◽  
Ethical Awareness ◽  
Organizational Settings ◽  
Moral Systems ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Level 2

Abstract:This paper explains and defends three basic propositions: (1) that our attitudes (particularly American attitudes) toward organizational ethics are conflicted at a fairly deep level; (2) that in response to this conflict in our attitudes, we often default to various counterfeits of conscience (non-moral systems that serve as surrogates for the role of conscience in organizational settings); and (3) that a better response (than relying on counterfeits) would be for leaders to foster a culture of ethical awareness in their organizations. Some practical suggestions are made about fostering such a culture, and a comparison is made between this late-20th-century response to the problem of counterfeits and the classic “naturalistic fallacy” identified in early-20th-century ethics by G. E. Moore.

Meaning and willingness to pay: the role of expectation disconfirmation

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Assadi ◽  
Pooria Assadi
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Organizational Life ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Organizational Settings ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Expectation Disconfirmation ◽  
Organizational Stakeholders

PurposePursuit of meaning is at the heart of much of organizational life. It has implications for how different organizational stakeholders associate value to various organizational initiatives. Research on meaning has generally shown that effort increases meaning and favorable valuation of and willingness to pay for economic activities by organizational stakeholders. The authors build on and advance this research by offering theory and experimental evidence showing that effort, particularly at high levels, results in enhanced meaning and favorable valuation when effort does not threaten the focal stakeholders' resources through expectation disconfirmation.Design/methodology/approachThree experimental studies are designed and conducted in this research. In one study, the authors replicate prior research findings that establish labor generally increases meaning and favorable valuation. In the two subsequent studies, the authors test the proposed hypothesis in this research and check for robustness of the empirical analysis.FindingsThe authors find that any internalized threat to the focal stakeholder's resources coupled with a high exertion of effort decreases, rather than increases, meaning and favorable valuation of and willingness to pay for economic activities.Originality/valueThe theory and empirical evidence in this research advance the understanding of how organizational stakeholders may associate effort-induced meaning with various economic activities in counter-intuitive ways. The findings also highlight the importance of recognizing and shaping the expectations of organizational stakeholders in influencing willingness to pay in organizational settings.

The use of scanning electron microscopy in interpreting chenopodium remains from three archaeological sites in northwestern Iowa

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1112-1113
Author(s):  
Douglas William Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Chenopodium Berlandieri ◽  
Seed Identification ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Scanning Electron

Within the past 20 years, archaeobotanical research in the Eastern United States has documented an early agricultural complex before the dominance of the Mesoamerican domesticates (corn, beans, and squash) in late prehistoric and historic agricultural systems. This early agricultural complex consisted of domesticated plants such as Iva annua var.macrocarpa (Sumpweed or Marshelder), Hellanthus annuus (Sunflower) and Chenopodium berlandieri, (Goosefoot or Lasbsquarters), and heavily utilized plants such as Polygonum erectum (Erect Knotweed), Phalaris caroliniana (May grass), and Hordeum pusillum (Little Barley).Recent research involving the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) specifically on Chenopodium has established diagnostic traits of wild and domesticated species seeds. This is important because carbonized or uncarbonized seeds are the most commonly recovered Chenopodium material from archaeological sites. The diagnostic seed traits assist archaeobotanists in identification of Chenopodium remains and provide a basis for evaluation of Chenopodium utilization in a culture's subsistence patterns. With the aid of SEM, an analysis of Chenopodium remains from three Late Prehistoric sites in Northwest Iowa (Blood Run [Oneota culture], Brewster [Mill Creek culture], and Chan-Ya-Ta [Mill Creek culture]) has been conducted to: 1) attempt seed identification to a species level, 2) evaluate the traits of the seeds for classification as either wild or domesticated, and 3) evaluate the role of Chenopodium utilization in both the Oneota and Mill Creek cultures.

scholarly journals The epigenetic etiology of cardiovascular disease in a longitudinal Swedish twin study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueying Qin ◽  
Ida K. Karlsson ◽  
Yunzhang Wang ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Nancy Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Latent Trajectory ◽  
Lagged Effects ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Cardiometabolic Traits

Abstract Background Studies on DNA methylation have the potential to discover mechanisms of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, the role of DNA methylation in CVD etiology remains unclear. Results We performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) on CVD in a longitudinal sample of Swedish twins (535 individuals). We selected CpGs reaching the Bonferroni-corrected significance level (2 $$\times$$ ×  10–7) or the top-ranked 20 CpGs with the lowest P values if they did not reach this significance level in EWAS analysis associated with non-stroke CVD, overall stroke, and ischemic stroke, respectively. We further applied a bivariate autoregressive latent trajectory model with structured residuals (ALT-SR) to evaluate the cross-lagged effect between DNA methylation of these CpGs and cardiometabolic traits (blood lipids, blood pressure, and body mass index). Furthermore, mediation analysis was performed to evaluate whether the cross-lagged effects had causal impacts on CVD. In the EWAS models, none of the CpGs we selected reached the Bonferroni-corrected significance level. The ALT-SR model showed that DNA methylation levels were more likely to predict the subsequent level of cardiometabolic traits rather than the other way around (numbers of significant cross-lagged paths of methylation → trait/trait → methylation were 84/4, 45/6, 66/1 for the identified three CpG sets, respectively). Finally, we demonstrated significant indirect effects from DNA methylation on CVD mediated by cardiometabolic traits. Conclusions We present evidence for a directional association from DNA methylation on cardiometabolic traits and CVD, rather than the opposite, highlighting the role of epigenetics in CVD development.

scholarly journals Obesity and Spine Surgery: A Qualitative Review About Outcomes and Complications. Is It Time for New Perspectives on Future Researches?

2021 ◽  
pp. 219256822110223
Author(s):  
Fabio Cofano ◽  
Giuseppe Di Perna ◽  
Daria Bongiovanni ◽  
Vittoria Roscigno ◽  
Bianca Maria Baldassarre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spine Surgery ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Lumbar Surgery ◽  
Operative Care ◽  
Operative Complications ◽  
Proper Weight ◽  
Level 2

Study Design: Literature review. Objectives: An increasing number of obese patients requires operative care for degenerative spinal disorders. The aim of this review is to analyze the available evidence regarding the role of obesity on outcomes after spine surgery. Peri-operative complications and clinical results are evaluated for both cervical and lumbar surgery. Furthermore, the contribution of MIS techniques for lumbar surgery to play a role in reducing risks has been analyzed. Methods: Only articles published in English in the last 10 years were reviewed. Inclusion criteria of the references were based on the scope of this review, according to PRISMA guidelines. Moreover, only paper analyzing obesity-related complications in spine surgery have been selected and thoroughly reviewed. Each article was classified according to its rating of evidence using the Sacket Grading System. Results: A total number of 1636 articles were found, but only 130 of them were considered to be relevant after thorough evaluation and according to PRISMA checklist. The majority of the included papers were classified according to the Sacket Grading System as Level 2 (Retrospective Studies). Conclusion: Evidence suggest that obese patients could benefit from spine surgery and outcomes be satisfactory. A higher rate of peri-operative complications is reported among obese patients, especially in posterior approaches. The use of MIS techniques plays a key role in order to reduce surgical risks. Further studies should evaluate the role of multidisciplinary counseling between spine surgeons, nutritionists and bariatric surgeons, in order to plan proper weight loss before elective spine surgery.

The Deep-Level-Reasoning-Question Effect: The Role of Dialogue and Deep-Level-Reasoning Questions During Vicarious Learning

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scotty D. Craig ◽  
Jeremiah Sullins ◽  
Amy Witherspoon ◽  
Barry Gholson
Keyword(s):  
Deep Level ◽  
Vicarious Learning

A Radiographic Study of the Gastrointestinal-Tract of Potorous-Tridactylus, With a Suggestion as to the Role of the Foregut and Hindgut in Potoroine Marsupials

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
PB Frappell ◽  
RW Rose
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Contrast Medium ◽  
Barium Sulphate ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Radiographic Study ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Potorous Tridactylus

The gastric distribution of barium sulphate and its subsequent intestinal passage were examined by radiography in Potorous tridactylus. Barium sulphate administered in association with solid food passed to the sacciform forestomach from the tubiform forestomach. However, ingested barium sulphate suspension mainly entered the hindstomach via the gastric sulcus. Barium sulphate which entered the sacciform forestomach remained for no more than 1 h before passing to the hindstomach via the tubiform forestomach. The passage of contrast medium through the intestine was followed in adults administered barium sulphate suspension only. Contrast medium which entered the hindstomach was not detectable there after 10 min. Barium sulphate first arrived at the caecum and proximal colon after 20 min, and by 45 min the majority had reached these organs. It persisted in the caecum and proximal colon for several hours, during which there was some movement into the descending colon and rectum. These results lead towards a new interpretation of the role of the potoroine foregut and hindgut.

THE ROLE OF TENURE AND INCENTIVES ON EMPLOYEE BEHAVIOR

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Utami Puji Lestari ◽  
Ella Anastasya Sinambela
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Employee Behavior ◽  
Private Bank ◽  
Organizational Life ◽  
Length Of Service ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Branch Office

Every company needs to pay attention and regulate employee behavior in the workplace so that the stability of organizational life is maintained in a conducive manner. Various efforts have been made to achieve this, such as providing incentives. By paying attention to the adaptation of employees in the work environment based on years of service. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of tenure and incentives that shape employee work behavior. The selected population is all employees who work at a private bank branch office in Surabaya. All employees other than the leadership at the bank were sampled as many as 49 people. Regression analysis to answer the purpose of this study with the help of SPSS. The results obtained are the length of service and incentives together and individually proven to have a role to shape employee work behavior. The variable of tenure is more dominant in shaping employee work behavior.    

Digital innovation in context

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 696-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Nylén ◽  
Jonny Holmström
Keyword(s):  
Centralized Control ◽  
Church Of Sweden ◽  
Advertising Agency ◽  
Digital Innovation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Organizational Settings ◽  
Interpretive Case Study ◽  
Traditional Organization

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how digital innovation processes emerge and evolve in organizational settings, and how serendipitous and unbounded digital innovations affect organizations’ overall digital directions. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw on an interpretive case study of the Church of Sweden, tracing in detail the design, deployment and governance of an interactive website for digital prayer, the Prayer Web (PW). Findings The findings show how the site came about in a serendipitous manner, created by an advertising agency as part of a marketing campaign. In turn, the unbounded nature of digital innovation was revealed as the wide and rapid adoption of the PW raised issues concerning the church’s overall digital direction linked to centralized control, as well as the nature and role of pastors, prayer and communities, as the site allowed people to post prayers and spread their messages (initially with no moderation). Originality/value The authors explore the serendipitous and unbounded ways in which digital innovation emerged and evolved in a traditional organization with a long legacy as an important societal institution. The paper contributes by generating rich insights on the role of the distinct aspects of digital technology in serendipitous and unbounded digital innovation. It particularly highlights how the editability and reprogrammability of digital artifacts triggered unexpected new behaviors and governance requirements in the organization under study. The authors encourage further research into the interrelationship between multiple unbounded and serendipitous digital innovations in an organization over time.

Conversational humor and job satisfaction at work: exploring the role of humor production, appreciation, and positive affect

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Robert ◽  
Serge P. da Motta Veiga
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Humor Appreciation ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level 2

AbstractThis study examined whether everyday conversational humor is related to job satisfaction, and if the relationship is mediated by positive affect. We also explored differences between the roles of humor production and humor appreciation, and tested the cyclical nature of the relationship by examining whether job satisfaction stimulates subsequent humor. Data were obtained through an experience sampling study in which participants completed two brief surveys each day for 10 consecutive workdays (Level 1 n=237–279, Level 2 N=35). Results revealed a positive relationship between humor and job satisfaction that was partially mediated by positive affect, and also indicated that job satisfaction on day

scholarly journals SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND THE ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE CYCLE: CASE STUDY IN A PATRONAL UNION

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matias Trevisol ◽  
Fernando Fantoni Bencke ◽  
Luccas Santin Padilha ◽  
Darlan Jose Roman
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Situational Leadership ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Organizational Life ◽  
Organizational Life Cycle ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Company Union

Studies involving the topics of organizational life cycle and situational leadership institutions in the third sector, as a union, was little explored in the literature. Moreover, recent changes in the Brazilian legislation brought new challenges to these organizations. This study seeks to fill these gaps, to analyze the role of leadership and organizational life cycle in a company union, linking theories against the employers' association. The metaphor of the organizations life cycle allows the analysis of organizations at different stages and, consequently, the role of leadership in the development of courses. The research was qualitative, used methods of case study and oral history, and descriptive and exploratory. Data collection used documental analysis, non-participant observation and in-depth interviews with seven leaders who experienced the historical trajectory of the institution. Among the main contributions of this study, it stands out as a theoretical contribution, the association of situational leadership theories and the organizational life cycle in a union representation institution, still little explored in the literature. Among the practical contributions highlight the situational leadership as alternative for sustainability for organizational cyclic life of a union, which now depend on its resources and internal management capabilities for their survival.

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