Moral Rules As Public Goods

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. McClennen
Keyword(s):  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Separability Principle ◽  
Moral Rules ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Theory Of Production ◽  
Rational Interaction

Abstract:The kind of commitment to moral rules that characterizes effective interaction between persons in among others places, manufacturing and commercial settings is characteristically treated by economists and game theorists as a public good, the securing of which requires the expenditure of scarce resources on surveillance and enforcement mechanisms. Alternatively put, the view is that, characteristically, rational persons cannot voluntarily guide their choices by rules, but can only be goaded into acting in accordance with such rules by the fear of social and formal sanctions. On this way of thinking, rational individuals are condemned to having to settle for the “second-best” results that are thereby implied. This conclusion rests not only on an appeal to a consequentialist perspective, but also a separability principle. Against this, it is argued that consequentialism itself offers a basis for the rejection of the separability principle, and a defense of the thesis that, for a wide range of realistic cases, being disposed to voluntarily guide one’s choice by rules (on the condition that others can be expected to do so as well) is a necessary condition of engaging in rational interaction.Most people do not trust most other people, unmonitored, to honor obligations completely. Because of this they use substantial amounts of resources to specify the details of agreements, and to police them. Use of these resources … could be greatly reduced, if transacting parties would agree to honor the spirit of their agreement and simply shake hands. The resource saving to the two parties combined, from substituting this mode of “enforcing” agreements to those currently used, is clear. Why, then, does not this more efficient mode of transacting drive out the more costly methods through the normal competitive process? … The underlying rationale for this … is that it is privately profitable to engage in some degree of “cheating” on agreements, and to use resources to disguise this fact. — M. W. Reder, “The Place of Ethics in the Theory of Production”

The State versus the People

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Rendle
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
State Control ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
The Military

This book provides the first detailed account of the role of revolutionary justice in the early Soviet state. Law has often been dismissed by historians as either unimportant after the October Revolution amid the violence and chaos of civil war or even, in the absence of written codes and independent judges, little more than another means of violence. This is particularly true of the most revolutionary aspect of the new justice system, revolutionary tribunals—courts inspired by the French Revolution and established to target counter-revolutionary enemies. This book paints a more complex picture. The Bolsheviks invested a great deal of effort and scarce resources into building an extensive system of tribunals that spread across the country, including into the military and the transport network. At their peak, hundreds of tribunals heard hundreds of thousands of cases every year. Not all ended in harsh sentences: some were dismissed through lack of evidence; others given a wide range of sentences; others still suspended sentences; and instances of early release and amnesty were common. This book, therefore, argues that law played a distinct and multifaceted role for the Bolsheviks. Tribunals stood at the intersection between law and violence, offering various advantages to the Bolsheviks, not least strengthening state control, providing a more effective means of educating the population on counter-revolution, and enabling a more flexible approach to the state’s enemies. All of this adds to our understanding of the early Soviet state and, ultimately, of how the Bolsheviks held on to power.

Adopting SCAMPER`S Strategies to Incorporate the Sustainability Concepts Within Architectural Design Process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhan Ali ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Aesthetic

Thinking creatively, is a necessary condition of the Design process to transform ideas into novel solutions and break barriers to creativity. Although, there are many techniques and ways to stimulate creative thinking for designers, however, this research paper adopts SCAMPER; which is acronym of: Substitute- Combine-Adapt- Modify or Magnify-Put to another use-Eliminate-Reverse or Rearrange- to integrate the sustainability concepts within architectural design process. Many creative artifacts have been designed consciously or unconsciously adopting SCAMPER strategies such as rehabilitation and reuse projects to improve the functional performance or the aesthetic sense of an existing building for the better. SCAMPER is recognized as a divergent thinking tool are used during the initial ideation stage, aims to leave the usual way of thinking to generate a wide range of new ideas that will lead to new insights, original ideas, and creative solutions to problems. The research focuses on applying this method in the architectural design, which is rarely researched, through reviewing seven examples that have been designed consciously or unconsciously adopting SCAMPER mnemonic techniques. The paper aims to establish a starting point for further research to deepen it and study its potentials in solving architectural design problems.

MEAT PROCESSING INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE: TENDENCIES AND PROSPECTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
VLASENKO Iryna ◽  
SEMKO Tetiana
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Processing Industry

Background. The total production of beef and pork is declining from year to year. The study of development trends in the meat industry of Ukraine will help to outline the prospects for the successful realization of potential opportunities for production expansion. An analysis of recent research and publications has shown that despite some scientific developments, dynamic changes in the meat processing industry require constant monitoring of unresolved issues. The aim of the study is to analyze the current state and characteristics of the meat processing industry of Ukraine on the basis of analytical research in general and in the context of its innovation activities in particular. Materials and methods. Research methods were used: monographic, statistical groupings, correlation-regression analysis, graphical. Results. Analysis of the dynamics of industrial meat production shows that beef and veal occupy the least share in it. The basis for ensuring the economic balance of production and economic relations of economic entities is the consistency of supply and demand for raw meat and products of its processing. For the successful development of the industry, the state must protect and stimulate domestic producers; to harmonize domestic standards of safety and quality of products in accordance with international ones. The innovative development of the meat market requires adequate investment support, and the stimulation of investment activity should be considered in the context of the strategy of development of the national economy on an innovative basis. Conclusion. Livestock production in general and meat in particular are one of the leading sectors of agriculture. In recentyears, there have been some trends in the dynamics and structure of meat production and consumption in favor of cheaper poultry meat. The reason for this is the reduction in production; increase in retail prices for all types of products; low incomes of the majority of the population. A necessary condition for the sustainable development of the meat processing industry is the introduction of European regulations on product quality and safety standards; introduction of resource-saving technologies at enterprises; reconstruction of enterprises; provision of production facilities with domestic raw materials.

scholarly journals MODERN CONDITION AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF THE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Komchatnykh ◽  
Svitlana Petrovska ◽  
Nataliia Redko
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
Modern Condition

The article considers modern condition and development perspectives of transport at whole and the transport infrastructure of Ukraine. The basis of the country transport complex makes up its infrastructure, it joins manufacturing, users, suppliers and partners. Developed infrastructure affects not only effective and timely delivery of the products, but provides for decreased transport expenses. The beneficial geographical position of Ukraine, crossing the main transit ways between Europe and Asia, presence of active Black Sea ports, developed network of railroads, car roads and pipelines throughout the latitudinal and meridian directions create all predispositions for the transport branch development. The studies of the Ukrainian transport infrastructure and transport condition during last years evidence about non-stable dynamics, which is mainly related to economical and geopolitical crisis in the country as well as the COVID 19 consequences. Analysis of the freight transport by transport kinds shows increased volumes of car transport with decreased railway transport. The rise of the car transport share is connected to its advantages: mobility, possibility of delivery exactly to the destination, high speed of delivery, flexibility of the route choice, wide range of the shipment as well as provision of logistic services by cars. Exacerbation in the East has considerably decreased number of contracts between Ukrainian shipping companies and international partners related to the international transportation. First of all, the situation provides for decreased transportation volumes on the territory of Ukraine. The level of transport services to economic system and population of Ukraine is significantly lower than that one in the developed countries of the world. According to the car road characteristics, Ukraine has long been behind not only the countries of Western Europe, but many post-Soviet countries. A necessary condition of the effective development and managing crisis in the transport branch, particularly that caused by the COVID 19 pandemics, is development and modernizing transport infrastructure of Ukraine according to the modern technological requirements. This will provide for uniform development of all regions of Ukraine, improved population life quality, development of trade and tourism as well as creation of new economic opportunities by attracting foreign investment.

scholarly journals Management activities in the field of wellness physical health activity of population in large cities of Europe: analysis of approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 221-229
Author(s):  
Yevgeniy Borodin ◽  
Valerii Makashov
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
National Governments

Introduction. WHO has adopted a Strategy for Physical Activity and calls on national governments and local governments to update this area. The priority of this area is most obvious in large cities, whose population leads a predominantly sedentary lifestyle, resulting in an increased risk of disease and general deterioration in health both nationally and globally. The purpose of the study is to study the mechanisms of stimulating the population to develop physical activity, involvement in physical culture and mass sports in the activities of local authorities. Analysis of models of social interaction in order to form the commitment of the population to physical activity with the implementation of this value in all spheres of life. Material and methods - analysis of laws, comparative analysis, logical method. The results of the study - in some countries a network of healthy municipalities has been established and operates as part of the implementation of measures to support physical activity. In the EU, local governments have been paying close attention to this for several decades, accumulating a wide range of tools for effective interaction between government, the public and private sectors. Conclusion - this experience is extremely useful for Ukraine, namely in the study of the functions, forms and methods of physical activity management in large cities, especially in the context of the COVID19 pandemic.

scholarly journals System of criteria for effective interaction between the police and society in the interests of public security

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Сергей Ханин ◽  
Sergey Hanin
Keyword(s):  
Public Safety ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Public Security ◽  
Personal Value ◽  
Constructive Dialogue ◽  
Wide Range

The article attempts to form a system of criteria to assess the effectiveness of the emerging partnership between the police and society, the purpose of which is to ensure public safety. Among the groups of criteria that determine the basis of interaction and their effectiveness, the author highlights the legal, organizational and personal value. The author comes to the conclusion that the emerging system of criteria for assessing the effectiveness of police and society interaction is designed to determine a wide range of prospects and features of a constructive dialogue that can eliminate the confrontation of interests and destructiveness both in relation to society and in relation to police.

scholarly journals ENTERPRISE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentyna Khrapkina ◽  
Hanna Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Economic Methods ◽  
Resource Protection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Business Entities

The paper analyzes the organization of effective resource saving of the enterprise. Enterprises need to implement innovative technologies and tools, as well as to motivate all participants in the process to achieve high overall productivity. One of the ways to increase the efficiency and rationality of the activity is the introduction of the management system of development of resource saving enterprise (RSE). The EPR management system is influenced by external and internal factors. One of the main factors of the external environment is the state regulation in the direction of resource saving, because a small number of business entities can turn to the development of resource-saving enterprises without state support. Defined the concept of "resource saving" as a complex positive effect on the state of the company, which combines the economic, social and environmental factors, the result of the implementation of resource conservation is economically viable for the company. The process of resource saving at the enterprise positively affects a wide range of subjects who perceive its results. According to international standards, Ukraine's economy is one of the most resource-intensive in the world through a large proportion of resource-intensive industries, outdated and inefficient technology, extreme depreciation of assets, inefficient systems of transformation and energy supply. World experience in the development and implementation of resource saving programs has a great variety of mechanisms and economic methods to ensure the efficiency of resource consumption in all areas of economic activity. The article highlights the most effective methods and applied to the realities of Ukraine. The study revealed the main problems of Ukrainian enterprises in the management of resource protection and development of resource protection. Today, finding ways of solving these problems and determining the main ways of stimulating enterprise teams and personnel management is especially important for the formation and implementation of an effective system of resource-saving development.

scholarly journals Efficient and Innovative Polishing Processes for Smoothing Complex Surface Geometries and Internal Contours on Brittle-Hard Components

2020 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. 03010
Author(s):  
Marcel Binder ◽  
Sebastian Henkel ◽  
Anne-Marie Schwager ◽  
Christoph Letsch ◽  
Jens Bliedtner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Trend ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Complex Surface ◽  
Fused Silica ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Monolithic Components ◽  
Free Form Surfaces

The material fused silica, as well as other brittle-hard materials such as glass ceramics, have great potential for use in a wide range of applications due to their special material properties. The technical advantages of these materials require sophisticated processing technologies, including polishing steps, in order to be able to use these interesting materials advantageously. In addition, a current trend in modern optical manufacturing is the use of free-form surfaces and monolithic components that combine several optical and mechanical functions in one part. Novel or improved processes are needed in order to meet future requirements for resource-saving and effective production methods at the same time.

NEW FUNCTIONAL SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Internal Markets ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
National Industry ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The most important results of the scientific studies, carried out by the Institutes of the National Academy of sciences of Ukraine in the frames of the program for scientific research of the NAS of Ukraine "New Functional Substances and Materials for Chemical Engineering" in 2017-2021, are summarized. In the result of fulfillment of the projects of the Program a number of principally new organic, inorganic, polymeric substances and materials as well as composited based thereon of various functional destination were created, new energy-, resource-saving and ecologically-friendly ways for low-tonnage obtaining of substances and materials of chemical engineering were developed. Use of the obtained materials and methods of chemical substances obtaining in different fields of the national industry will improve the competitive capacity of the national products on the external and internal markets, will favor to significant reduction of the dependency of the country on import of deep technology chemical products, setting up of production of a wide range of chemical products, reagents and preparations in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Manipulation of the swirling flow instability in hydraulic turbine diffuser by different methods of water injection

2018 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 02090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Rudolf ◽  
Jiří Litera ◽  
Germán Alejandro Ibarra Bolanos ◽  
David Štefan
Keyword(s):  
Swirling Flow ◽  
Flow Instability ◽  
Draft Tube ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Hydraulic Turbine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Francis Turbine ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Vortex Rope ◽  
Wide Range

Vortex rope, which induces substantial pressure pulsations, arises in the draft tube (diffuser) of Francis turbine for off-design operating conditions. Present paper focuses on mitigation of those pulsations using active water jet injection control. Several modifications of the original Susan-Resiga’s idea were proposed. All modifications are driven by manipulation of the shear layer region, which is believed to play important role in swirling flow instability. While some of the methods provide results close to the original one, none of them works in such a wide range. Series of numerical experiments support the idea that the necessary condition for vortex rope pulsation mitigation is increasing the fluid momentum along the draft tube axis.

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