Fighting of Bulls as Symbolic Expression of Divisions in the Hima Camp

Africa ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yitzchak Elam
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Group Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Descent Group ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Do So

Opening ParagraphIn the course of tracing the social aspects of witchcraft and sorcery in East Africa, Middleton and Winter (1963: 11–13) distinguished two types of neighbourhood. In type I neighbours tend to be co-members of a unilineal descent group; type II in terms of descent is heterogeneous.The authors implied that, while tensions existed in both these neighbourhoods, type I was likely to give rise to more acute forms of interpersonal conflict. It is an involuntary association in which relationships are ascribed at birth, being therefore ‘inborn and innate’, i.e. compulsory. By contrast, neighbours of the second type ‘…live together because in the ultimate sense they choose to do so’. This freedom of choice conduces to an easier contact between them as proved by the absence of accusations of withcraft and the prevalence of accusations of sorcery. Accusations of sorcery are viewed by Middeton and Winter as symptoms of milder conflicts.

scholarly journals Variation in the Occurrence of fimA Genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontal Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1826
Author(s):  
Manohar Kugaji ◽  
Uday Muddapur ◽  
Kishore Bhat ◽  
Vinayak Joshi ◽  
Manjunath Manubolu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽  
Chronic Periodontitis ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Group Type ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Health And Disease

Porphyromonas gingivalis is regarded as a “keystone pathogen” in periodontitis. The fimbria assists in the initial attachment, biofilm organization, and bacterial adhesion leading to the invasion and colonization of host epithelial cells. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of fimA genotypes in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals in the Indian population, and to study their association with the number of P. gingivalis cells obtained in subgingival plaque samples of these subjects. The study comprised 95 samples from the chronic periodontitis (CP) group and 35 samples from the healthy (H) group, which were detected positive for P. gingivalis in our previous study. Fimbrial genotyping was done by PCR and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The fimA type II was more prevalent in the CP group (55.89%), followed by type IV (30.52%), whereas in the H group, type I was the most prevalent fimbria (51.42%). The quantity of P. gingivalis cells increased with the presence of fimA types II and III. Our results suggest a strong relationship between fimA types II and IV and periodontitis, and between type I and the healthy condition. The colonization of organisms was increased with the occurrence of type II in deep periodontal sites, which could play an important role in the progression of the disease.

scholarly journals Orbitofrontal Sulcogyral Pattern as a Transdiagnostic Trait Marker of Early Neurodevelopment in the Social Brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoaki Nakamura ◽  
Paul G. Nestor ◽  
Martha E. Shenton
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽  
Hemispheric Dominance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Trait Marker ◽  
The Social ◽  
Extremely Preterm

Objective. To systematically assess previous findings on the orbitofrontal sulcogyral pattern in psychiatric disorders and to address the utility of this pattern as a transdiagnostic trait marker of early neurodevelopment in the social brain. Methods. An online literature search was conducted using the PubMed database from inception to August 2019. Studies included in this review were based on the Chiavaras’s original classification method of this H-shaped sulcus (type I, II, and III), intermediate orbital sulcus (IOS), and posterior orbital sulcus (POS). Results. Twenty-six studies were included in the review. Sixteen studies (62%) focused on schizophrenia spectrum (Sz) disorders, and the remaining studies focused on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), history of extremely preterm and extremely low birth weight, bipolar disorder (BD), panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, cannabis users, and pathological gambling. In Sz, compared with healthy controls, the orbitofrontal sulcogyral pattern was decreased in type I, increased in type II and III, and there were fewer numbers of IOS and POS reported, although specificity in sex and hemispheric dominance was not consistent. BD and neurodevelopmental disorders in ASD and ADHD showed a similar pattern of alteration to that observed in the Sz. Conclusions. The present review of the orbitofrontal sulcogyral pattern indicated that type I expression might reflect a neurodevelopmental protective marker, and type II and III expressions, as well as fewer numbers of IOS and POS, might reflect neurodevelopmental risk markers. These trait markers may be transdiagnostic among socially disabling diseases.

scholarly journals Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer Immunotherapy

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Lasfar ◽  
Walid Abushahba ◽  
Murugabaskar Balan ◽  
Karine A. Cohen-Solal
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Group Type ◽  
Interferon Lambda ◽  
New Type ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Type Iii Ifn

The discovery of the interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) family has considerably contributed to our understanding of the role of interferon not only in viral infections but also in cancer. IFN-λproteins belong to the new type III IFN group. Type III IFN is structurally similar to type II IFN (IFN-γ) but functionally identical to type I IFN (IFN-α/β). However, in contrast to type I or type II IFNs, the response to type III IFN is highly cell-type specific. Only epithelial-like cells and to a lesser extent some immune cells respond to IFN-λ. This particular pattern of response is controlled by the differential expression of the IFN-λreceptor, which, in contrast to IFN-α, should result in limited side effects in patients. Recently, we and other groups have shown in several animal models a potent antitumor role of IFN-λthat will open a new challenging era for the current IFN therapy.

scholarly journals The betweenness of the double stranger: British converts to Islam and patterns of belonging

2021 ◽  
pp. 003776862110184
Author(s):  
Thomas sealy
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Relational Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
The Stranger ◽  
Religious Aspect ◽  
Do So

British converts to Islam can be hard to locate in relation to the majority and born Muslim minority in society and can experience rejection from both sides. Based on an ethnic lens and framework, they are conceptualised as ‘in-between’ the two, neither fully one nor the other. This article argues that by foregrounding religious rather than ethnic identity, a different pattern of how converts position themselves in society emerges. To do so, it draws on a study of converts’ narratives and investigates the dynamics of how a divide between religion and culture emerges from these narratives. To discuss these dynamics, it draws on Simmel’s influential essay The Stranger in order to develop an analytical reorientation that centralises the religious aspect in order to gain a new relational understanding of converts’ belonging as well as the social aspects of the conversion process itself.

scholarly journals Clinical and Manometric Characteristics of Patients with Achalasia: One Disease with Three Presentations or Three Diseases with One Presentation?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodora Surdea-Blaga ◽  
Liliana David ◽  
Andrei Pop ◽  
Marcel Tantau ◽  
Dan Lucian Dumitrascu
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Group Type ◽  
Clinical Evolution ◽  
Eckardt Score ◽  
Resting Pressure ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Integrated Relaxation Pressure

Background and Aims: The three manometric patterns of achalasia are considered by some authors as different stages in the evolution of the same disorder. The aims of our study were to characterize patients with achalasia, in order to find key differences supporting the idea of progression from one type to the other, and to assess the clinical evolution in time. Methods: From 280 high resolution esophageal manometry recordings we selected unique patients with achalasia. A standardized questionnaire used prior to each manometry recorded their symptoms. Manometric parameters (resting lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, 4s-integrated relaxation pressure (IRP), length of the esophagus, etc.) were recorded. Patients were contacted to establish the clinical evolution. Results: We identified 108 new achalasia cases (mean age 48.2±16.2 years, 52.8% type I, 42.6% type II), 52 (48.1%) women. Dysphagia (98.1%), cough (64.8%), belching (60.2%) and reflux symptoms (53.7%) were frequently reported. Patients with type I achalasia reported more often that dysphagia worsened, compared to type II patients (χ2=7.3, p =0.007). Age, duration of dysphagia, body mass index (p=0.067) and esophageal length were similar in type I and type II achalasia. Resting LES pressure (64.7±22.6 mmHg vs. 54.3±21.6 mmHg, p=0.019) and 4s-IRP (45.3±17.6 mmHg vs. 38.4±15.5 mmHg, p=0.036) were higher in type II compared to type I achalasia. Overweight patients had a lower LES resting pressure and 4s-IRP compared to lean subjects. After a mean follow-up of 36.8±13.4 months, 49 (45.3%) patients responded to our follow-up, and 77.5% had an Eckardt score ≤ 3. Conclusions: Type I achalasia was the most common in our group. Type I patients had lower BMI but similar duration of dysphagia and mean age compared to type II. Type III is seldom and present in older patients. These findings suggest low probability of progression from type III and II to type I achalasia. Patients with type II achalasia had higher resting LES pressure and 4s-IRP than type I achalasia patients.

scholarly journals Assessment of Masseter Muscle Appearance and Thickness in Edentulous and Dentate Patients by Ultrasonography

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 723-734
Author(s):  
Meltem Mayil ◽  
Gaye Keser ◽  
Arzu Demir ◽  
Filiz Namdar Pekiner
Keyword(s):  
Masseter Muscle ◽  
Temporomandibular Disorder ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Active Matrix ◽  
Group Type ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Edentulous Patients ◽  
The Right

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to examine ultrasonographic appearances of Masseter Muscle (MM) in dentate and edentulous patients without Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD). Materials and Methods: The thickness of the MM in 25 dentate (mean age: 30,68 ± 10,49) and 24 edentulous (mean age: 61,46 ± 9,71) patients, who visited routine dental examination, was measured at rest and at maximum contraction bilaterally. Examinations were performed using an Aloka Prosound α6 (Hitachi Aloka Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with an 8 MHz-wide bandwidth linear active matrix transducer (ranging from 1 to 15 MHz). The visibility and width of the internal echogenic bands of the MM were also assessed and the muscle appearance was classified as I of III types. Type I, characterized by the clear visibility of the fine bands; Type II, thickening echogenicity of the bands; Type III, disappearance or reduction in a number of the bands. Results: MM thickness at rest and contraction in the dentate group were significantly higher than the edentulous group (p <0.05). Type I was the most common echogenic type in both dentate (right:16 (64%), left; 15 (60%)) and edentulous patients (right; 22 (91.7%), left; 18 (75%)). In a dentate group, type II was significantly higher than the edentulous group in both the right and left sides (p <0.05; p <0.01, respectively). Age and gender seemed to have no significant effect on the echogenic type (p ˃0.05). Conclusion: There were significant differences in the thickness at rest and contraction between the dentate and edentulous groups. It was clarified that ultrasonographic features of the MM in dentate and edentulous patients were different.

scholarly journals ‘¿Eres feliz con su abuela?’ Alternancia pronominal / verbal en el español bogotano. Un primer acercamiento

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-109
Author(s):  
Cristal Yeseidy Cepeda Ruiz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
The Social

This paper examines the alternation forms between the 2nd person treatment —tú, usted, sumercé and vos— when it comes to address a single interlocutor in Bogotá, Colombia. Whilst a case vaguely described in the literature it is though quite frequent and systematic in the Spanish of Bogotá. Based on oral data (fragments of spontaneous conversations and direct observations) plus the information provided by both personal impression along with sociolinguistic questionnaires and the social media, we describe three types of pronominal alternation —1. Intra-verb (type I), 2. Intra-sentence (type II) and 3. Extra-sentence (type III)—. Our aims fall on qualitatively determine of the linguistic, social and pragmatics parameters which facilitate these constructions.

The Kenya Masai: A Nomadic People under Modern Adminstration

Africa ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. James
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
Dramatic Effect ◽  
The Social ◽  
Nomadic People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Native Policy ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphExisting accounts of the Masai may be broadly grouped under three heads: (1) The popular impressionist accounts of the tribe by travellers in East Africa; the numerous travel works on this part of Africa nearly all contain some mention of the tribe, but in the main, these descriptions are calculated for their dramatic effect, and thus become largely inaccurate and valueless for the serious student. (2) Studies of the tribe such as those contained in the works of N. Leys and W. M. Ross. These authors approach the subject rather from the political angle, and make a study of the tribe largely for the purpose of criticizing Kenya's native policy. (3) The works dealing with the tribe from the ethnographic and anthropological standpoint; of the older works, the most important are those by A. C. Hollis and M. Merker. Among the more recent contributions the most outstanding are those by L. S. B. Leakey and S. Storrs-Fox. Daryll Forde has also given an account of the tribe from the point of view of the social geographer.

scholarly journals On the colour and spin of epistemic error (and what we might do about it)

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 3123-3133 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Beven ◽  
P. J. Smith ◽  
A. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Type I ◽  
Model Structure ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Likelihood Functions ◽  
Model Residuals ◽  
Type Ii Errors ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Do So

Abstract. Disinformation as a result of epistemic error is an issue in hydrological modelling. In particular the way in which the colour in model residuals resulting from epistemic errors should be expected to be non-stationary means that it is difficult to justify the spin that the structure of residuals can be properly represented by statistical likelihood functions. To do so would be to greatly overestimate the information content in a set of calibration data and increase the possibility of both Type I and Type II errors. Some principles of trying to identify periods of disinformative data prior to evaluation of a model structure of interest, are discussed. An example demonstrates the effect on the estimated parameter values of a hydrological model.

Chiefship and Politics in the Mlanje District of Southern Nyasaland

Africa ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
R. L. Wishlade
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
Southern Province ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphMlanje is an Administrative District in the Southern Province of Nyasaland. It is densely populated compared with other parts of Central Africa, having a population of 209,522 in 1945, which represented a density of 138 per square mile. The population is tribally heterogeneous, and was composed, in 1945, of 71 per cent. Nguru, 21 per cent. Nyanja, and 5 per cent. Yao people. The Nguru are the most recent arrivals, having immigrated into Nyasaland mainly during the present century. The term Nguru is used to refer to the representatives in Nyasaland of a number of tribes inhabiting that part of Portuguese East Africa which Lies to the east of Nyasaland; these immigrants call themselves Lomwe and in Mlanje are mainly Mihavani and Kokola. The Nyanja are the indigenous inhabitants of the area, who were living there before the invasion of the Mangoche Yao during the nineteenth century. Although they are linguistically distinct, the social organization of these three groups is markedly similar, and there has been a great deal of intermarriage between them, particularly between the Nyanja and the Nguru. No one of them is in sole occupation of a continuous stretch of territory, even the smallest residential groups are often tribally heterogeneous, the similarity of the social organization enabling Nyanja to be absorbed into Nguru hamlets and vice versa. For this reason it is impossible to use a tribal unit as a unit of reference in a discussion of the political organization of this area.

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