Kill-off Patterns in Sheep and Goats: the Mandibles from Aşvan Kale

1973 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 281-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Payne
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Mandibular Teeth

Reports on animal bones from archaeological sites often include information about the “kill-off pattern” for each species – i.e. the relative representation of different age-groups in the sample. Osteologists believe that this information can be used as evidence for whether an animal was wild or domesticated, and, if domesticated, about the way in which man managed the animal. In this paper a method is described for recording such data for sheep and goat using mandibles and mandibular teeth; the analysis and interpretation of such data is discussed using excavated samples from Aşvan Kale.When people keep sheep or goats, the age at which the animals are slaughtered depends on a range of factors: on the relative value placed on the different products, on the characteristics of the stock, and on a range of environmental factors – in particular, seasonal variation in the availability of grazing and feed. If meat production is the aim, most of the young males are killed when they reach the optimum point in weight-gain, only a few being kept for breeding.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in Month of Diagnosis of Polish Children with Type 1 Diabetes - A Multicenter Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 127 (05) ◽  
pp. 331-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Szypowska ◽  
Anna Ramotowska ◽  
Marta Wysocka-Mincewicz ◽  
Artur Mazur ◽  
Lucyna Lisowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Abstract Aim The seasonal variation of incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) theory supports the hypothesis that environmental factors play a role in the onset of the disease. The aim of this study is to assess seasonality of month of diagnosis in children with T1D in Poland. Material and methods the study group consisted of 2174 children from eastern and central Poland diagnosed with T1D between 2010 and 2014. Analysis was performed in different age groups, based on place of residence (rural/urban area) and depending on sex. Results We noted significant seasonality in the incidence of T1D with a peak in diagnosis of diabetes in January and the minimum rate in June. A total of 423 (19%) children were diagnosed in the warmest months (June to August with a mean temperature of 16.8°C) compared to 636 (29%) recognised in the coldest months (December to February with a mean temperature of −1.6°C), OR 0.57 95%CI [0.51-0.67], p<0.0001. We noted a more flat seasonal pattern in children 0-4 years of age compared with subjects 5–17 years old with a week correlation of trend comparison between both groups, r=0.69, p=0.001. Similar seasonal variation in the incidence of T1D was noted in children from urban and rural setting. For girls, seasonal pattern peaks were observed one month earlier as compared to boys. Conclusions Seasonal variation in incidence of T1D diagnosis of Polish children supports the role of different environmental factors in diabetes onset. The majority of children were diagnosed with diabetes in autumn and winter.

Finasteride, prostate cancer, and weight gain: Evidence for genetic or environmental factors that affect cancer outcomes during finasteride treatment

The Prostate ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
YoonJu Song ◽  
Catherine Tangen ◽  
Phyllis Goodman ◽  
Howard L. Parnes ◽  
M. Scott Lucia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cancer Outcomes

scholarly journals Imaging Findings of Knee Trauma on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Poonam Ohri ◽  
Shreeji Goya ◽  
Niveditha C ◽  
Manasi Kohli
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligament ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Imaging Evaluation ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background: Knee is one of the major joints involved in kinesis. With increasing involvement in sports related activities especially in young people, Trauma related knee pathologies have increased. An accurate diagnosis regarding the type and extent of injuries is essential for early operative as well as non-operative treatment. Methods:This prospective study included total of 82 cases. The patients were referred to the department of Radiodiagnosis from indoor and outdoor departments of Guru Nanak Dev Hospital, Amritsar with suspicion of internal derangement of the knee and with history of knee trauma.Results:The most common age group involved was young males between 15-34 years. In all age groups most of the patients were males. Most common ligament to be injured was Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL). Partial tears were more common than complete tears. Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) tears were less common. Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) tears outnumbered Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) tears and grade 2 tears were more common in both. Among the meniscal injuries Medial Meniscus (MM) tears were more common than LM and grade 3 signal was more common in both. Most of the patellar retinaculum injuries were associated with Anterior Cruciate Ligament ACL tears.Conclusions:Post-traumatic pre-arthroscopic MR imaging evaluation has proved to be cost-effective. MRI is an accurate imaging modality complementing the clinical evaluation and providing a global intra-articular and extra-articular assessment of the knee.

scholarly journals Effect of supplemental pig milk replacer on piglet weight gain and sow backfat thickness

2015 ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Zsolt Győri ◽  
Péter Balogh ◽  
László Huzsvai ◽  
Gabriella Novotniné Dankó
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Liquid Milk ◽  
Period Data ◽  
Experimental Group

Sow milk production is the major factor limiting pig growth to weaning. Although the milk production of the sows incremental many environmental factors affect the actual performances. The supplemental milk replacer can be an appropriate solution to ward off disparities and try to equalize the available milk quantity to the piglets according to their appetite, to enlarge the weight of pigs at weaning, ultimately. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of liquid milk supplement on weight development and litter performance of the piglets during the suckling period. Data were collected from 60 farrowings, the weight of 649 piglets in a total were measured at birth, 14 days old and at weaning (28 days), respectively. In the control group (n=319) the piglets were suckled and got prestarter feed from day 10. In the experimental group (n= 330) the piglets had got liquid milk replacer in 10.71% solution, from day 10 after birth together with suckling and prestarter feed, as well. Based on the Duncan's multiple range tests, there were no significant differences in birth weight between the control and experimental group but we found significant differences between the 14 days weight and the weaning weight, subsequently. Based on the CV% of weight the experimental group became more homogenous, in contrary to the weight of the control group at the end of suckling period. The milk supplementation can be an appropriate solution to ward off disparities and to equalize the available milk quantity to the piglets according to their appetite, to enlarge and uniform the weight of pigs at weaning, ultimately.

scholarly journals You aren't what you eat, you become what you eat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R Stephens ◽  
Jonathan F Easton ◽  
Heriberto Roman Sicilia
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Gap ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Energy Imbalance ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Energy Excess

Obesity (and the consequent obesity epidemic) is a complex, adaptive process, taking place over a time span of many years. Energy intake is recognized as a potentially important driver of obesity, especially in the context of an identifiable energy imbalance which, it is surmised, must lead to weight gain. Similarly, energy expenditure must play an important role. However, both show an enormous degree of individual variation. Therefore, measuring them is an exceedingly difficult task, especially in the context of large populations and long time periods. It has been argued that population-level observed weight gain can be traced back to very small daily energy imbalances while, at the same time, positing that a much larger maintenance energy gap is responsible for maintaining the energy requirements of the increased weight population. In this paper we examine the relation between BMI and energy intake as functions of age. The convexity of the BMI curves as a function of age and gender demonstrate the enhanced obesity risk apparent in young adults and women, and imply that no settling points exist at the population level. Consistent with other studies, overall weight increases are consistent with a very small daily energy imbalance, about 7 cal. Consumption as a function of age shows a small, steady, linear decrease of about 8 cal per year, and can be associated with a maximal energy excess/deficit of about 250cal for the youngest and oldest age groups. By examining weight differences between age groups as a function of age, we argue that this excess/deficit is an important motor for the observed weight differences, and argue that the apparent energy imbalance of 250 cal, due to excess consumption, leads to an effective imbalance of only 7 cal due to the existence of various physiological and behavioral mechanisms that enhance weight homeostasis and effectively reduce the energy excess from 250 cal to 7 cal. We discuss several possibilities for such mechanisms.

scholarly journals Some Environmental Factors Affecting Birth Weight, Weaning Weight and Daily Live Weight Gain of Holstein Calves

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdal Yaylak ◽  
Hikmet Orhan ◽  
Alim Daşkaya
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Holstein Calves

The present study was conducted to determine some environmental factors affecting birth weight, weaning weight and daily live weight gain of Holstein calves of a livestock facility in Izmir, Turkey. The data on 2091 calves born between the years 2005-2010 were used to assess the relevant parameters. Effects of calving year, calving month, calf gender and the interaction between calving year and calving month on calves’ birth weights were highly significant. The overall mean of birth weights was 39.6±0.15 kg. In addition, effects of calving year, calving month, gender, birth weight, weaning age, calving year x calving month, calving year x gender and calving year x calving month x gender interactions on weaning weight (WW) and daily live weight gain (DLWG) were highly significant. The overall means of WW and DLWG were respectively found to be 79.7±0.20 kg and 525±2.5 g. A one kilogram increase in birth weight resulted in an increase of 0.89 kg in weaning weight and a decrease of 1.26 g in daily live weight gain. Prenatal temperature-humidity index (THI) affected birth weight of calves (R2=0.67). Increasing THI from 50 to 80 resulted in 3.8 kg decrease in birth weight.

Correlation between Chlorophyll-a Concentration and Environmental Factors in Jihongtan Reservoir

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 959-962
Author(s):  
Ji Ping Ma ◽  
Cui Jie Rui ◽  
Jian Hua Ge ◽  
Yu Hua Liu ◽  
Zhi Wen Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

Based on the Jihogntan reservoir’s monitoring data from 2006 to 2009, eutrophication of Jihongtan reservoir was assessed. The result showed that the nutrition level of the Jihongtan reservoir was middle in recent years. The average concentration of chlorophyll-a(Chla) was higher in summer and autumn than in spring and winter. The correlation between concentration of Chla and some environmental factors was studied by statistical method, and seasonal variation of Chla and the extent of eutrophication were also analyzed. The results showed that the correlations between Chla and total nitrogen(TN), dissolved oxygen(DO) and transparency were significantly negative, and that between Chla and total phosphorus(TP), temperature(T) and potassium permanganate index(COD Mn) were significantly positive. The growth of phytoplankton was promoted by TP and TN at low concentrations, and inhibited by TN at high concentrations.

scholarly journals Skull asymmetries in wild boar (Sus scrofa LINNAEUS, 1758)

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. e150704
Author(s):  
Pere M. Parés-Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
Left And Right

Organisms can develop different kinds of asymmetry when deviations from expected perfect symmetry occur. Among others are fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and directional asymmetry (DA). FA represents small random differences between corresponding parts on the left and right sides of an individual in bilaterally paired structures. It is thought that FA reflects an organism’s ability to cope with genetic and environmental stress during growth. DA occurs whenever one side on the plane of symmetry develops more than the other side, and has a genetic component. In this research, we examined the expression of morphological symmetry in 38 skulls of different age groups of wild boar (Sus scrofa), on their ventral aspect, using two-dimensional coordinates of 27 landmarks. Analyses showed the presence of significant FA and DA in the entire sample, detecting also distinctive differences between age groups. The obtained results show that the shape differences in different age groups could reasonably be a consequence of a response to environmental factors for FA and a masticatory lateralization for DA.

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