Northern Anatolia before Classical Times

1956 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 179-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Burney
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Anatolian Plateau ◽  
North Side ◽  
Maritime Climate ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Eastern Half

That part of northern Anatolia known in Greek and Roman times as Bithynia and Paphlagonia comprises a number of high ridges running from west to east, through which the rivers break their way in their tortuous courses down to the Black Sea. The region discussed in this article in fact comprises Paphlagonia, the eastern half of Bithynia and part of Phrygia, from the lower Sakarya to the mouth of the Halys; but, since these names do not apply to the Bronze Age, the whole will be termed northern Anatolia. As far south as the crest of the main ridge bounding the Anatolian plateau along its north side the land has a maritime climate quite different from that of either the plateau or the Mediterranean coast: rainfall is abundant, even at times in the summer; deciduous forests cover these north-facing slopes, right to the top. Sinop provides the best natural harbour on this coast. The change to the steppe country of the plateau is abrupt.

scholarly journals THRONE-LIKE ARMCHAIRS AND WAGONSIN THE BRONZE AGE СULTURES OF THE CIRCUMPONTIC AREA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Н. Гей
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Written Sources

На основании недавней находки двух повозок и необычного сиденья-кресла в новотиторовской культуре (погребение 21 кургана 4 Межкирпильского I могильника в степном Прикубанье), вероятных аналогий ей в материалах ямной и катакомбных культур Причерноморья и Предкавказья, а также беденской культуры на территории Грузии ставится вопрос о сложении особой, престижной формы погребального обряда с использованием двух повозок и кресла-трона. Возможные реплики его имеются и южнее, в Месопотамии (некрополь Ура). Специальный культ трона существовал у хеттов, две повозки и трон фигурируют и в хеттском царском погребальном ритуале, известном по письменным источникам. Хронологический приоритет подобных находок в новотиторовской культуре (29-28 вв. до н. э.) перед относящимся к беденской культуре курганом 3 Ананаури (24 в. до н. э.), тем более перед хеттскими табличками II тыс. до н. э., говорит в пользу сложения данного ритуала в среде степных курганных культур с последующим распространением в Закавказье и Анатолию. Что в свою очередь представляет интерес для реконструкции социальных процессов в различных культурах бронзового века, а также для выяснения путей проникновения групп носителей индоевропейских диалектов в Анатолийско-Месопотамский регион. The recent discovery of two wagons and an unusual chair looking like an armchair attributed to the Novotitorovka culture (grave 21, kurgan 4, Mezhkirpilsky I burial ground in the steppe Kuban region), and likely analogies to this find in the Yamnaya and Catacomb assemblages from the Black Sea maritime steppes and the Fore-Caucasus as well as the Bedeni culture in Georgia raise the issue of emergence of a special, prestigious form of the funerary rite with the use of two wagons and an armchair that looks like a throne. Likely replicas have been found further to the south in Mesopotamia (the Ur cemetery). A special cult of the throne existed among the Hittites for example, two wagons and a throne feature in the Hittite kingly funerary rite is known from written sources. The chronological priority of such finds in the Novotitorovka culture (2900-2800 СalBC) regarding kurgan 3 of Ananauri (2400 CalBC) attributed to the Bedeni culture, and, in particular, Hittite tablets dating to 2000 BC argues in favor of development of this rite among the steppe kurgan cultures with its subsequent dissemination in the South Caucasus and Anatolia. This fact is interesting for reconstruction of social processes in various Bronze Age cultures as well as clarification of the routes via which speakers of Indo-European dialects penetrated the Anatolia-Mesopotamia region.

II.—The Bronze Age in Macedonia

Archaeologia ◽  
1925 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Stanley Casson
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
The Bronze Age

In most text-books of archaeology the section dealing with the Bronze Age in the Aegean invariably refers us to the culture of Crete and Mycenae. Under the heading of ‘South-Eastern Europe’ we are usually given an account of the Bronze Age of Hungary and the Danubian area. But between these two regions lies an area which is, as yet, almost entirely uncharted by archaeologists, an area which, from its position, is one of the most important in Southern Europe. Between the Danube and the Aegean, the Black Sea and the hills that hem in the river Vardar on its right bank, lies an area across which, by rigidly limited routes, have passed all intrusive elements from Asia and all invading elements into Asia, either by way of the South Russian Steppe or across the Dardanelles and Bosporus.

scholarly journals SCYTHIAN GRAVE OF THE MOUND ORLYKOVA MOHILA IN THE SOUTH OF KIROVOGRAD REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-181
Author(s):  
S. A. Skory ◽  
A. P. Orlik ◽  
R. V. Zymovets ◽  
D. V. Karavaiko
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Metal Shell ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Found Objects ◽  
Funeral Ritual ◽  
The Village ◽  
High Social Status ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article publishes research materials of the Scythian burial intake from the excavations of the mound Orlikova Mogila near the village Bogdanovka, Bobrynetsky district of Kirovograd region (Northern part of the Black Sea Right-Bank Steppe). The grave was built in an earlier mound of the Bronze Age. The Bronze Age burial was located in the center and completely destroyed by Scythian grave. After the Scythian burial, the embankment was significantly enlarged, and also strengthened by stone krepida. By the time of the excavation, the mound had a height of more than 3.0 m and a diameter of more than 30 m. Scythian tomb had dimensions of 4 Ч 3 m and a depth of 2.8 m. From above it was covered with wooden deck and stone laying. Despite the devastating repeated robberies, the monument contains artifacts that can be interpreted as grave of a heavily armed warrior — man of 30—50 years old with a high social status. The deceased was accompanied by two dependent persons. Fragments of a metal shell made of plates, arrowheads, and fragments of two antique amphorae were found in the grave. Of great interest are the finds of bronze parts of a horse harness, located among the stones on the embankment. All these objects have traces of intentional damage, which, undoubtedly, is associated with a certain funeral ritual. Found objects, especially fragments of ancient amphorae, date the Scythian grave at the end of the 5th century BC. The appearance of such structures in the mounds of the Scythian pores in the northern limits of the steppe Black Sea region, apparently, should be associated with the promotion of Scythian nomads from the more southern regions

Classical History: a Sketch, with Three Artifacts

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. WISEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
City States ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Bronze Age

This chapter examines the chronological range of Greco-Roman history and the nature of the main narrative sources. The discussion begins about 1200 BCE, with the end of the Bronze Age palace culture, conventionally called Mycenaean. The destruction of the palace centres – at Knossos, Mycenae, Pylos, and Thebes – was responsible for preserving the ‘Linear B’ tablets, which form the earliest evidence for the Greek language. By the sixth century, Greek city-states were established widely round the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. This is the time of what is sometimes called ‘the Greek miracle’, the origin of philosophy and science as well as historiography. The chapter draws attention to three archaeological discoveries and the way their evidential value has been assessed: a gold mask, discovered in 1876 in the first of the ‘shaft graves’ at Mycenae, the so-called tomb of Agamemnon; an artefact discovered in 1977 by the Dutch archaeological team excavating the temple of Matuta at the Latin town of Satricum; and a gold bulb, or locket, discovered in 1794.

The Early Expansion of the Kingdom of Mithridates VI

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Duane W. Roller
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side

Mithridates VI the Great began his solidified rule by expanding his kingdom, seemingly with the goal of encircling the Black Sea. He gained possession of the ancient territory of Colchis and then strengthened his predecessors’ control of the Bosporos, on the north side of the sea. He also established a presence on the west side of the sea. The locals on the north side of the sea welcomed the king because they were constantly subject to barbarian pressures. There were also economic benefits to the Pontic kingdom in acquisition of the new territories. Mithridates also established a Pontic presence south and west of his kingdom, in Paphlagonia and Galatia. Yet such aggressive actions by the king were noticed by the Romans, even though the northern Black Sea was not in any region of their direct interest.

Microphallids in Gammarus insensibilis Stock, 1966 from a Black Sea lagoon: manipulation hypothesis going East?

Parasitology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. KOSTADINOVA ◽  
R. S. MAVRODIEVA
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Interspecific Associations ◽  
Concurrent Infections ◽  
Infection Parameters ◽  
Host Parasite

Patterns of parasite site selection, variation in infection parameters and interspecific associations are examined in the light of new field data on larval microphallids in Gammarus insensibilis from a Black Sea lagoon. These patterns are discussed in relation to the predictions for the manipulative effect of Microphallus papillorobustus and its relationships with the other microphallid species based on studies on the French Mediterranean coast. Four species were recovered: Maritrema subdolum, Microphallus hoffmanni, M. papillorobustus and Levinseniella propinqua. The latter two were located in both corporal and cephalic segments, but the selection of brain appeared stronger for L. propinqua. M. subdolum was the first colonizer of amphipod population recruits, and unequivocally the dominant species in the lagoon. There was a significant positive relationship between the parasite load of all 4 species. Concurrent infections were exceedingly frequent, and no departures from random association were detected. We found no evidence that the cerebral metacercariae of M. papillorobustus consistently predict the parasite load of any of the other species in the system and identify sources for heterogeneity that may account for the differences between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean system: habitat heterogeneity, bird diversity and host-parasite systems used to infer relationships between microphallids.

Tornado Climatology of Turkey

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 2345-2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Kahraman ◽  
Paul M. Markowski
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Secondary Maximum ◽  
Early Evening ◽  
Southern Mediterranean ◽  
Internet Searches ◽  
Turkish State

Abstract A climatology of tornadoes in Turkey is presented using records from a wide variety of sources (e.g., the Turkish State Meteorological Service, European Severe Weather Database, newspaper archives, Internet searches, etc.). The climatology includes the annual, diurnal, geographical, and intensity distributions of both mesocyclonic and nonmesocyclonic tornadoes. From 1818 to 2013, 385 tornado cases were obtained. The tornadoes range from F0 to F3, with F1 being the most frequently reported or inferred intensity. Mesocyclonic tornadoes are most likely in May and June, and a secondary maximum in frequency is present in October and November. Nonmesocyclonic tornadoes (waterspouts) are most common in the winter along the (southern) Mediterranean coast and in the fall along the Black Sea (northern) coast. Tornadoes (both mesocyclonic and nonmesocyclonic) are most likely in the afternoon and early evening hours.

High genetic connectivity among morphologically differentiated populations of the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula (Echinoidea: Arbacioida) across the central African Mediterranean coast

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Temim Deli ◽  
Ahmed Ben Mohamed ◽  
Mohamed Hbib Ben Attia ◽  
Rym Zitari-Chatti ◽  
Khaled Said ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Arbacia Lixula

scholarly journals Late Eneolithic and Bronze Age Prologue Pontic Societies. Forest-Steppe Middle Dniester and Prut Drainage Basins in the 4Th/3Rd-2Nd Millennium Bc: A History of Investigations

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Ivanova ◽  
Gennadiy N. Toschev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Drainage Basins ◽  
Funerary Rituals ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Sea Coast

Abstract The paper presents a historiographic context helpful in the current investigations of the cultural contacts between the societies of the east and west of Europe in the borderland of Podolia and Moldova in the Late Eneolithic and the prologue of the Bronze Age. The focus is on the state of research (chiefly taxonomic and topogenetic) into the sequence of taxa in the age of early ‘barrow-building’, identified in the funerary rituals of societies settling the forest-steppe of the northwestern Black Sea Coast in the 4th/3rd-2nd millennium BC.

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