Foraging Behavior Patterns Suggest a Possible Cost Associated with Participation in Mixed-Species Bird Flocks

Oikos ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Hutto
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Mixed Species

Foraging Behavior Patterns of Sheep and Horses Under a Mixed Species Grazing System

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Patkowski ◽  
Michał Pluta ◽  
Antoni Lipiec ◽  
Monika Greguła-Kania ◽  
Tomasz M. Gruszecki
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Grazing System

scholarly journals White-capped albatrosses alter fine-scale foraging behavior patterns when associated with fishing vessels

2011 ◽  
Vol 428 ◽  
pp. 289-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
LG Torres ◽  
DR Thompson ◽  
S Bearhop ◽  
S Votier ◽  
GA Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Fishing Vessels

Social learning and the significance of mixed-species flocks of chickadees (Parus spp.)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1275-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Food Item ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mixed Species Flocks ◽  
Species Flocks ◽  
Experienced Bird

The experiments described in this paper show that two species of chickadees learn from one another about the location and nature of potential feeding places when they are foraging together in mixed flocks in large aviaries. In the first experiment, I show that when an individual of one species finds a single food item, members of the other species modify their foraging behavior over the next few seconds so that they put more effort into searching near the site of the find. This applies to both species. Further, members of both species modify their foraging behavior when a bird of the other species searches in a place unsuccessfully. This response to an unsuccessful search is similar to, but weaker than, the response to a food find. The second experiment shows that when the two species are trained to forage in different positions in the experimental trees, they converge in their foraging behavior when they are put in mixed flocks, This is a result of copying. The third experiment shows that individuals of both species are more likely to discover a completely new foraging place if they are in the presence of an experienced bird of the other species.I discuss these results in relation to theories on the adaptive significance of flocking, and conclude that learning about potential feeding places from other species is an important function of mixed flocks, at least for some species. This does not exclude the possibility of other functions of mixed flocks.

Mixed-Species Flocking and Foraging Behavior of Four Neotropical Warblers in Panamanian Shade Coffee Fields and Forests

The Auk ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 1000-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Y. Pomara ◽  
Robert J. Cooper ◽  
Lisa J. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Shade Coffee

scholarly journals Phenotypic Clumping Decreases With Flock Richness in Mixed-Species Bird Flocks

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priti Bangal ◽  
Hari Sridhar ◽  
Kartik Shanker
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Taxonomic Relatedness ◽  
Western Ghats Of India ◽  
Mixed Species Flocks ◽  
Species Flocks

Animals that live in groups may experience positive interactions such as cooperative behavior or negative interactions such as competition from group members depending on group size and similarity between individuals. The effect of group size and phenotypic and ecological similarity on group assembly has not been well-studied. Mixed-species flocks are important subsets of bird communities worldwide. We examined associations within these in relation to flock size, to understand rules of flock assembly, in the Western Ghats of India. We examined the relationship between phenotypic clumping and flock richness using four variables—body size, foraging behavior, foraging height and taxonomic relatedness. Using a null model approach, we found that small flocks were more phenotypically clumped for body size than expected by chance; however, phenotypic clumping decreased as flocks increased in size and approached expected phenotypic variation in large flocks. This pattern was not as clear for foraging height and foraging behavior. We then examined a dataset of 55 flock matrices from 24 sites across the world. We found that sites with smaller flocks had higher values of phenotypic clumping for body size and sites with larger flocks were less phenotypically clumped. This relationship was weakly negative for foraging behavior and not statistically significant for taxonomic relatedness. Unlike most single-species groups, participants in mixed-species flocks appear to be able to separate on different axes of trait similarity. They can gain benefits from similarity on one axis while mitigating competition by dissimilarity on others. Consistent with our results, we speculate that flock assembly was deterministic up to a certain point with participants being similar in body size, but larger flocks tended to approach random phenotypic assemblages of species.

Effects of feeding height and distance from protective cover on the foraging behavior of wintering birds

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 880-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Fu Lee ◽  
Yen-Min Kuo ◽  
Eric K Bollinger
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Feeding Efficiency ◽  
Parus Carolinensis ◽  
Parus Bicolor ◽  
Protective Cover ◽  
Number Of Visits ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Open Fields

Foraging behavior that balances feeding efficiency with predation risk avoidance may be selected for; thus, foraging animals may choose among sites and achieve various giving-up densities under different feeding conditions. We compared the frequency and duration of visits and the feeding efficiency of a mixed-species wintering bird flock among feeders set up at three heights within woods, at the edge between woods and dense shrub, and in open fields to investigate the feeding height preference of birds and its relationship to the extent of openness of the sites. Carolina chickadees (Parus carolinensis Audubon, 1834) and tufted titmice (Parus bicolor L., 1766) accounted for 96% of the total number of visits to feeders and 95.9% of the total time spent on feeders. Birds tended to visit higher feeders and feeders in the woods and at edge sites more frequently than they visited lower feeders and feeders in open fields. Birds also spent more time on higher feeders and feeders in the woods and at edge sites than on lower feeders and feeders in open fields. However, the feeding height preference changed over the course of observations, and different patterns were observed at different sites. In the woods and at the edge, bird visits shifted to the lower feeders earlier; in contrast, birds preferred higher feeders throughout the period of observation in open fields. Feeding efficiency was lower at open sites than in woods and at edge sites, but birds spent the least time per seed on low feeders at open sites. Seeds on higher feeders and in woods or at edge sites were removed faster. Regardless of the height and locality of feeders, birds preferred energy-rich oil-type seeds over energy-poor striped seeds.

scholarly journals Do similar foragers flock together? Nonbreeding foraging behavior and its impact on mixed-species flocking associations in a subtropical region

The Auk ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrison H Jones ◽  
Mitchell J Walters ◽  
Scott K Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Substrate Use ◽  
Nonbreeding Season ◽  
Abundance Patterns ◽  
Mixed Species Flocks ◽  
Species Flocks

Abstract Mixed-species flocks are ubiquitous in forest bird communities, yet the extent to which positive (facilitative) or negative (competitive) interactions structure these assemblages has been a subject of debate. Here, we describe the fine-scale foraging ecology and use network analysis to quantify mixed-species flocking interactions of an insectivorous bird community in hardwood forests of north-central Florida. Our goal was to determine if similarly foraging species are more (facilitation hypothesis) or less (competition hypothesis) likely to associate in flocks, and if foraging ecology can explain intraspecific abundance patterns within flocks. We quantified attack maneuvers, foraging substrate, and foraging microhabitat of all 17 common insectivorous species in these forests and characterized the composition of 92 flocks encountered. Flocking was important in our community; 14 of 17 species joined more than 5% of flocks, and 10 species had flocking propensities of over 0.80. Our results supported both hypothesized mechanisms structuring flock composition. Species had distinct, well-defined foraging niches during the nonbreeding season, but foraging niche overlap among flocking species was greater than expected by chance. Consistent with the facilitation hypothesis, we found that similarly foraging species were significantly more likely to associate in flocks, a result driven by lower association strengths in large-bodied woodpeckers. We found no evidence of assortment by foraging behavior, however, likely because foraging behavior and substrate use showed strong niche partitioning at the fine scale within our community. Intraspecific abundance patterns were significantly linked to foraging substrate use, with live leaf use correlated with high within-flock abundance and relative abundance at study sites. Species that specialized on comparatively less abundant substrates (tree trunks, epiphytes, dead leaves) joined flocks as singletons, showed lower relative abundance, and may exhibit nonbreeding territoriality. Our results highlight the importance of foraging substrate use and mixed-species flocks in structuring the nonbreeding ecology of migratory birds.

scholarly journals Winter Flocking of Insectivorous Birds in Montane Pine-Oak Forests in Middle America

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 664-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. King ◽  
John H. Rappole
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Middle America ◽  
Vegetation Characteristics ◽  
Mixed Species Flocks ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract We studied mixed-species insectivorous bird flocks in pine-oak forests in Middle America during three winter seasons to determine whether patterns of flock structure and dynamics were similar to those reported from other tropical sites. We also analyzed patterns of association among bird species, as well as their foraging behavior and the vegetation characteristics associated with birds in flocks. We encountered 333 flocks containing 144 species, of which 26 species had adequate sample sizes for analyses. The size and rate of movement of the flocks were similar to those reported from other Neotropical sites, however, the species richness of our flocks was lower than reported in most other studies, perhaps due to simpler vegetation structure or higher latitude. Only 3 of 50 significant correlations between species pairs were negative, indicating that species generally were not restricted in their participation in mixed-species flocks by other species. In only one instance did we observe correspondence between the association of species-pairs in flocks and their foraging behavior. For most species there was no relationship between association between species-pairs in flocks and vegetation parameters with which they were associated. Thus, additional factors besides foraging facilitation and mutual association with particular vegetation characteristics must be responsible for many of the positive correlations among species pairs. We suggest that non-random association among species within flocks may result in part from enhanced vigilance for predator detection afforded by flock members using similar parts of the environment at the same time.

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