How Effective Are Canada's Direct Tax Incentives for R and D?

1985 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Mansfield ◽  
Lorne Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Tax Incentives ◽  
R And D ◽  
Direct Tax

Direct Tax Incentives to Power Sector in India: A Case Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-123
Author(s):  
Sanjiv Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Market Failure ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Direct Tax

The article examines in detail, as a test case, the impact of direct tax incentives on the power sector in India. The Indian power sector is regulated and has been the greatest beneficiary of the various tax incentives. Direct taxes foregone to the power companies alone are estimated to be ₹700,000 million during the fiscal year 2006–2007 to 2014–2015. The power companies in India have enjoyed profit-linked tax holidays (Section 80 IA), accelerated depreciation (Section 32), easy accessibility of external commercial borrowings and a low withholding tax of 5 per cent on overseas borrowing. The study does a ‘three-way examination’ of the impact of the tax incentives by examining: (i) macroeconomic indicators, (ii) firm level data and (iii) micro-indicators. The findings are that (i) there is no evidence of any real benefits accruing to the economy either in the form of increased foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to the sector, gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) in the sector or commensurate growth in electricity sector vis-à-vis other sectors of the economy or in the economy as a whole due to the several decades of direct tax incentives to the power sector in India; (ii) clearly, the loss of revenue from the tax incentives is real and substantial and (iii) the financial ratios of the three power companies (National Thermal Power Corporation [NTPC], Tata Power and Reliance Energy) indicate that they are capable of raising resources on their own and the theory of market failure may not apply to them.

scholarly journals TAX INCENTIVES AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN BANGLADESH: AN EVALUATION OF POLICY IMPACT ON SECTORAL GROWTH

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
Mohammad Munayem Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Policy Impact ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Manufacturing Sectors ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Data Content ◽  
Direct Tax

Tax incentives are tools used worldwide to enhance domestic and foreign investment and enhanced investment leads to expected economic growth. This study is an attempt to review the industrial policies and direct tax incentives of Bangladesh to have a deep insight on the congruence among them and also show some indirect impact of tax incentives on development through analyzing some fiscal and investment data. Content and document analysis method has been used to accomplish this study. Sources of data were the industrial policies, tax codes and economic surveys of Bangladesh and some scholarly articles. By reviewing some tax related aspects of industrial polices and existing direct tax incentives provided by the tax authority, it was found that incentives suggested by industrial policies and actually provided tax incentives are almost same and the changing pattern of priority sectors have been shifted to infrastructure, power and technology sectors. By observing some investment and GDP related data it is found that local private sector investments are dominant over FDI and the manufacturing sectors contribution to GDP are increasing and consistent in last 13 years.

Tax competition and the activity of the regional tax policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-27
Author(s):  
S. M. Drobyshevsky ◽  
N. S. Kostrykina ◽  
A. V. Korytin
Keyword(s):  
Tax Competition ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Fiscal Federalism ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Fiscal Autonomy ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
Tax Exemptions ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Regional Budgets

The problem of efficiency of regional tax expenditures is an actual issue of the fiscal policy and fiscal federalism in Russia. A large fiscal autonomy allows federal subjects to realize a more active tax policy to attract new investments. One cannot claim current fiscal powers of the Russian regions to be wide. However, not all the regions use even existing tax policy instruments. Moreover, out of the regions that use them only few provide incentives to stimulate investment decisions. Others use regional tax measures to support businesses that already have strong positions in the region. And it is an open question whether such tax incentives are efficient. On the other hand, an aggressive tax competition for investors can also be wasteful for regional budgets. In this paper, we calculate indicators that characterize the depth and scope of tax exemptions provided at the regional level. The calculations are based on the open tax statistics. Through the analysis of the tax legislation as well as the economic structure of selected regions, we reveal the inducements of their higher activity: federal regional tax policy, tax competition or benefits for budget-forming companies of the region.

Assessment of sensitivity of the efficiency of regional tax spending towards investment attractiveness of the types of economic activity carried out by the residents of advanced development territory

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
Evgeniya Mikhailovna Popova ◽  
Guzel Mukhtarovna Guseinova ◽  
Sergei Borisovich Milov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Investment Process ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Advanced Development

The deficit of subnational budgets and deceleration capital investments in multiple Russian regions increase the relevance of research aimed at improvement of tax incentivizing practice of the regional investment process. The studies focused on determination of the impact of socioeconomic and institutional factors upon the efficiency of investment tax expenses obtained wide circulation within the foreign scientific literature. The subject of this article is the assessment of sensitivity of the efficiency of regional tax expanses towards investment attractiveness of the types of economic activity carried out by the residents of territories of advanced socioeconomic development, created in the subjects of Far Easter Federal District. The scientific novelty and practical values of this research consists in substantiation of the reasonableness of assessment of investment attractiveness of the types of economic activity that are stimulated by tax incentives. Methodology for assessing investment attractiveness is proposed and tested. The conclusion is made that in case of low investment attractiveness of the type of economic activity, which was planned to support by tax incentives, it is required to conduct and additional analysis to avoid unjustified tax expanses.

Tax incentives of China’s investments in Zabaykalsky Krai: implementation of behavioral economic models

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-84
Author(s):  
Evgeniya Mikhailovna Popova ◽  
Irina Vitalevna Mezentseva
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Tax Incentive ◽  
Regional Budget ◽  
Subjective Aspect ◽  
Investment Process

Currently, the Russian regions apply a vast array of tools for regulating the investment process, including tax incentives. Active use of tax preferences is dictated by the fact that in the conditions of regional budget deficit, tax incentives, unlike subsidies, do not require direct budget expenditures for stimulating investment activity. However, the world experience demonstrates that tax incentives do not fall under the group of factors that strongly affect investment decisions. For determining the degree of preference of tax incentives in relation to other measures of regional support, a survey was carried among Chinese investors, who implement investment projects on the territory of Zabaykalsky Krai. The survey was based on a method of hierarchical analysis based on the special matrices by filed in by the investors. The acquired results displayed that out of ten measures of state support, tax incentives hold the eighth place. The calculated coefficient of the significance of tax incentives testifies to the low attractiveness of fiscal stimuli for the Chinese investors. The authora attempted to find the reasons for tax incentive not being in demand. The scientific novelty of this work consists in conducting the analysis of regional legislation that regulates the order of granting investment tax incentives based on the concept of behavioral economics. In the course of application of the provisions of behavioral economics, emphasis was made on the subjective aspect of the mechanism of preferential taxation. The reasonableness of considering such peculiarities of human mind as cognitive inertia and relativity is substantiated with regards to arranging the structure of tax incentives that would allow increasing the importance of tax incentives in formation of investment climate on the territory of Zabaykalsky Krai. The authors make recommendations on increasing the attractiveness of tax incentives among Chinese investors based on the concept of reference point and the effect of loss aversion.

Technology Transfer in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing - A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit B Patil ◽  
Bharath Kumar B ◽  
Ajay P Karnalli
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
R And D ◽  
Production Shop ◽  
Execution Procedures

Technology Transfer (TT) is vital action from drug development in Research and Development (R and D) Department to commercial manufacturing till the product discontinuation. This review is an attempt to give an insight about the transfer of pharmaceutical product from R and D to production including necessary documents required to review the supporting documents and execution procedures in production shop floor. TT is considered effective, if there is a documented evidence that the process and its parameters, repeatedly results in desired product quality which was established upon during TT between the transferee and transferor. For the execution of TT process, expertise from different department such as Engineering, R and D, QA, process analyst and production are teamed. the transmission comprises of arrangements procured in these flows of improvement to achieve the quality as planned throughout manufacture.

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