The Role of Race Specific Resistance in Natural Plant Populations

Oikos ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Burdon ◽  
A. Wennström ◽  
T. Elmqvist ◽  
G. C. Kirby ◽  
A. Wennstrom
Keyword(s):  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Natural Plant

scholarly journals Phenotypic diversity created by a transposable element increases productivity and resistance to competitors in plant populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vít Latzel ◽  
Javier Puy ◽  
Michael Thieme ◽  
Etienne Bucher ◽  
Lars Götzenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Epigenetic Variation ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Diversity Effects

AbstractAn accumulating body of evidence indicates that natural plant populations harbour a large diversity of transposable elements (TEs). TEs provide genetic and epigenetic variation that can substantially translate into changes in plant phenotypes. Despite the wealth of data on the ecological and evolutionary effects of TEs on plant individuals, we have virtually no information on the role of TEs on populations and ecosystem functioning. On the example of Arabidopsis thaliana, we demonstrate that TE-generated variation creates differentiation in ecologically important functional traits. In particular, we show that Arabidopsis populations with increasing diversity of individuals differing in copy numbers of the ONSEN retrotransposon had higher phenotypic and functional diversity. Moreover, increased diversity enhanced population productivity and reduced performance of interspecific competitors. We conclude that TE-generated diversity can have similar effects on ecosystem as usually documented for other biological diversity effects.

scholarly journals Resistance variation in natural plant populations

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. S145-S150 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Burdon ◽  
P.H. Thrall
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Multiple Populations ◽  
Resistance Variation ◽  
Pathogen Populations

The general outcomes of long-term trajectories of coevolutionary interactions between specific hosts and pathogens are<br />set by the interaction of their life histories. However, within those outcomes the speed of co-evolutionary responses and<br />the extent of their expression in the resistance/virulence structure of wild plant and pathogen populations respectively,<br />are highly variable characters changing from place-to-place and time-to-time as a result of the interaction of host and<br />pathogen with the physical environment. As a consequence, understanding of the role of diseases in the evolution of their<br />hosts requires approaches that simultaneously deal with host and pathogen structures over multiple populations within a<br />metapopulation framework.

scholarly journals Cancer, Retrogenes, and Evolution

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Klaudia Staszak ◽  
Izabela Makałowska
Keyword(s):  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Neoplastic Transformation ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Additional Gene ◽  
Cancer Subtypes ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
Specific Cancer ◽  
Evolution Of Genomes

This review summarizes the knowledge about retrogenes in the context of cancer and evolution. The retroposition, in which the processed mRNA from parental genes undergoes reverse transcription and the resulting cDNA is integrated back into the genome, results in additional copies of existing genes. Despite the initial misconception, retroposition-derived copies can become functional, and due to their role in the molecular evolution of genomes, they have been named the “seeds of evolution”. It is convincing that retrogenes, as important elements involved in the evolution of species, also take part in the evolution of neoplastic tumors at the cell and species levels. The occurrence of specific “resistance mechanisms” to neoplastic transformation in some species has been noted. This phenomenon has been related to additional gene copies, including retrogenes. In addition, the role of retrogenes in the evolution of tumors has been described. Retrogene expression correlates with the occurrence of specific cancer subtypes, their stages, and their response to therapy. Phylogenetic insights into retrogenes show that most cancer-related retrocopies arose in the lineage of primates, and the number of identified cancer-related retrogenes demonstrates that these duplicates are quite important players in human carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Mountain landscape connectivity and subspecies appurtenance shape genetic differentiation in natural plant populations of the snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 164 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoit Pujol ◽  
Juliette Archambeau ◽  
Aurore Bontemps ◽  
Mylène Lascoste ◽  
Sara Marin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Landscape Connectivity ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Mountain Landscape

scholarly journals ТНЕ BASICS OF CLIМATOTHERAPY, А MODERN VIEW OF ТНЕ PROSPECTS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT IN CRIMEA, ТНЕ ROLE OF ТНЕ RESTORATION OF ТНЕ EVPATORIA BIOCLIМATIC STATION AS ТНЕ CRIMEAN CENTER OF CLIМATOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-82
Author(s):  
Т. F. Golubova ◽  
А. I. Kreslov
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Condition ◽  
Physiologically Based ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
The Republic

Climate is an active, powerful factor that can have a powerful therapeutic effect. Climatotherapy is prescribed for the purpose of General strengthening effects on the body, to stimulate its defenses, increase non-specific resistance, especially in chronic or sluggish pathological processes. The effect of climate therapy is manifested in the body's responses to environmental factors, the main condition of which is the use of physiologically based methods of dosing climate procedures. The bioclimatic station (BCS) of the resort of Yevpatoria carries out meteorological observations of medical orientation and their dosing. The creation of a modern center of climatotherapy, as a scientific-clinical Department of medical climatology on the basis of the BCS will allow to organize a single service on introduction of modern methods of climatotherapy in Evpatoria and the Republic of Crimea, improve the quality of the holiday of climateprotection and effectiveness of climatotherapy.

scholarly journals Functional Ecology of Iceplant Taxa and Their Role in Eco-restoration of New Zealand Sand Dunes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Guyo Duba Gufu
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrid ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Carpobrotus Edulis

<p>Biological invasion by non-native plant species has often been cited as a cause of native biodiversity loss. While the outcome of species invasions depends on interactions between exotic and resident native species, most studies of biological invasions have focused solely on the direct negative impacts of non-indigenous species on native biota. Although investigations of the role of competition in shaping natural plant communities were dominant in the previous generations and are still popular, more recent experimental research has uncovered the striking influence of facilitation on community dynamics. This thesis aims to investigate competitive and facilitative influence of the invasive South African iceplant (Carpobrotus edulis) on Spinifex sericeus, a native foredune grass species, with particular reference to implications of these interactions for dune restoration in New Zealand. It further explores the growth rates, substrate preferences and mating systems of the exotic and native iceplant taxa found in New Zealand. I begin by briefly outlining the influence of competition and facilitation on natural plant communities with reference to the role of facilitation in eco-restoration. I also give a few examples where exotic species have been found to facilitate native ones. Secondly, a neighbour removal experiment was conducted on coastal sand dunes with the main aim of studying the effects of Carpobrotus edulis on establishment of Spinifex sericeus at the foredune region. Finally, I compared the growth rates of the most widely distributed iceplant taxa in New Zealand in different substrates and the breeding systems of the exotic Carpobrotus.  Examples abound in literature of exotic plant species facilitating native ones especially in forestry. In the neighbour removal study, Carpobrotus edulis protected Spinifex seedlings against storm erosion, sandblasting and salt sprays while at the same time suppressing its leaf production. Suppression of Spinifex leaf production was more pronounced at top of the dune where stress elements is presumably more benign. There was no evidence of allelopathic suppression of Spinifex by C. edulis. Only Carpobrotus chilensis displayed some level of substrate preference by putting on relatively lower biomass in gravel. The exotic Carpobrotus spp. put on greater dry matter content than the native Disphyma australe and the Carpobrotus-x-Disphyma hybrid. The hybrid displayed a faster vegetative growth rate whereas D. australe allocated relatively more biomass to the roots than the shoot. Both Carpobrotus spp. are self compatible and highly capable of intrageneric and intergeneric hybridisation. Mass removal of the existing exotic iceplant stands from foredunes along high energy coasts is not advisable as they serve as useful stabilisers. The intergeneric hybrid is sexually sterile with sparsely spread stolons that could allow co-occurrence with other species and therefore is more suitable for foredune stabilisation. However, more research needs to be conducted on the ecology of the intergeneric hybrid.</p>

scholarly journals Endopolyploidy is a common response to UV-B stress in natural plant populations, but its magnitude may be affected by chromosome type

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
František Zedek ◽  
Klára Plačková ◽  
Pavel Veselý ◽  
Jakub Šmerda ◽  
Petr Šmarda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Holocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Chromosomal Structure ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Forest Clearing ◽  
Common Response ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Abstract Background and Aims Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) radiation damages the DNA, cells and photosynthetic apparatus of plants. Plants commonly prevent this damage by synthetizing UV-B-protective compounds. Recent laboratory experiments in Arabidopsis and cucumber have indicated that plants can also respond to UV-B stress with endopolyploidy. Here we test the generality of this response in natural plant populations, considering their monocentric or holocentric chromosomal structure. Methods We measured the endopolyploidy index (flow cytometry) and the concentration of UV-B-protective compounds in leaves of 12 herbaceous species (1007 individuals) from forest interiors and neighbouring clearings where they were exposed to increased UV-B radiation (103 forest + clearing populations). We then analysed the data using phylogenetic mixed models. Key Results The concentration of UV-B protectives increased with UV-B doses estimated from hemispheric photographs of the sky above sample collection sites, but the increase was more rapid in species with monocentric chromosomes. Endopolyploidy index increased with UV-B doses and with concentrations of UV-B-absorbing compounds only in species with monocentric chromosomes, while holocentric species responded negligibly. Conclusions Endopolyploidy seems to be a common response to increased UV-B in monocentric plants. Low sensitivity to UV-B in holocentric species might relate to their success in high-UV-stressed habitats and corroborates the hypothesized role of holocentric chromosomes in plant terrestrialization.

scholarly journals The leaf angle distribution of natural plant populations: assessing the canopy with a novel software tool

Plant Methods ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Müller-Linow ◽  
Francisco Pinto-Espinosa ◽  
Hanno Scharr ◽  
Uwe Rascher
Keyword(s):  
Software Tool ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Angle Distribution ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Leaf Angle Distribution
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