The Apple of Earthly Love: Female Development in Esther Tusquets' Fiction

Hispania ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 544
Author(s):  
Mary S. Vasquez ◽  
Barbara F. Ichiishi
Keyword(s):  
Female Development ◽  
Esther Tusquets

Weak male-determining genes and female heterogamety in Chironomus tentans

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 748-751
Author(s):  
Ray Feraday
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chironomus Tentans ◽  
Female Development ◽  
Female Heterogamety ◽  
Dominant Female

Female heterogamety in the midge Chironomus tentans has been previously reported and attributed to a dominant female determiner. Published results are not consistent with the interpretation, and the female heterogamety, if any, can be better explained by a model involving a weakened male determiner. Suggestions are made for crosses between populations with different sex-determining mechanisms that would discriminate between models for the evolution of female heterogamety, and serve to determine whether indeed female development is the norm in the absence of any parental sex chromosomes.Key words: Chironomus, heterogamety, sex determination, sex chromosome.

The dual role of hermaphrodite in the Drosophila sex determination regulatory hierarchy

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Pultz ◽  
B.S. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Female Development ◽  
Salivary Gland Cells ◽  
Maternal Function ◽  
Different Levels

The hermaphrodite (her) locus has both maternal and zygotic functions required for normal female development in Drosophila. Maternal her function is needed for the viability of female offspring, while zygotic her function is needed for female sexual differentiation. Here we focus on understanding how her fits into the sex determination regulatory hierarchy. Maternal her function is needed early in the hierarchy: genetic interactions of her with the sisterless genes (sis-a and sis-b), with function-specific Sex-lethal (Sxl) alleles and with the constitutive allele SxlM#1 suggest that maternal her function is needed for Sxl initiation. When mothers are defective for her function, their daughters fail to activate a reporter gene for the Sxl early promoter and are deficient in Sxl protein expression. Dosage compensation is misregulated in the moribund daughters: some salivary gland cells show binding of the maleless (mle) dosage compensation regulatory protein to the X chromosome, a binding pattern normally seen only in males. Thus maternal her function is needed early in the hierarchy as a positive regulator of Sxl, and the maternal effects of her on female viability probably reflect Sxl's role in regulating dosage compensation. In contrast to her's maternal function, her's zygotic function in sex determination acts at the end of the hierarchy. This zygotic effect is not rescued by constitutive Sxl expression, nor by constitutive transformer (tra) expression. Moreover, the expression of doublesex (dsx) transcripts appears normal in her mutant females. We conclude that the maternal and zygotic functions of her are needed at two distinctly different levels of the sex determination regulatory hierarchy.

A genetic pathway for regulation of tra-2 translation

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.B. Goodwin ◽  
K. Hofstra ◽  
C.A. Hurney ◽  
S. Mango ◽  
J. Kimble
Keyword(s):  
Translational Control ◽  
Direct Repeat ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Translational Repression ◽  
Female Development ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Repeat Elements ◽  
Translation Repression ◽  
Translational Level

In Caenorhabditis elegans, the tra-2 sex-determining gene is regulated at the translational level by two 28 nt direct repeat elements (DREs) located in its 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR). DRF is a factor that binds the DREs and may be a trans-acting translational regulator of tra-2. Here we identify two genes that are required for the normal pattern of translational control. A newly identified gene, called laf-1, is required for translational repression by the tra-2 3′UTR. In addition, the sex-determining gene, tra-3, appears to promote female development by freeing tra-2 from laf-1 repression. Finally, we show that DRF activity correlates with translational repression of tra-2 during development and that tra-3 regulates DRF activity. We suggest that tra-3 may promote female development by releasing tra-2 from translation repression by laf-1 and that translational control is important for proper sex determination--both in the early embryo and during postembryonic development.

scholarly journals A Broadening of Prospects: Female Progression in Austen and Eliot

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lydia Verschaffelt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Female Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
National Importance ◽  
Mill On The Floss ◽  
Childhood Home ◽  
Landed Gentry

<p>Austen and Eliot register the turbulence and transformation of their respective historic moments in the portrayal of a young heroine on the cusp of adulthood with a number of potential paths ahead of her. The heroines, like their societies, are caught between old and new as they seek to acknowledge the ties that bind them to the past and simultaneously create a future of their own. This dilemma reveals the nineteenth-century novel’s concerns of the individual’s ability to grow while being enmeshed in a network of relationships, and the place of the past in an increasingly unstable future.  Beginning with Emma (1815) and The Mill on the Floss (1860), and concluding with a comparison of Persuasion (1817) and Middlemarch (1871), this thesis tracks Austen and Eliot’s depiction of female development which moves from a focus on the centrality of the childhood home, and in particular the heroine’s relationship with her father, to a narrative which ends on a more conscious note of ambiguity and broadening prospects. Emma and Mill both depict heroines who find their future in their past. Emma and Maggie develop and assert their own agency, but their circumstances and experiences of childhood bind them to their site of origin.  Conversely, both Austen and Eliot’s later works enact a deliberate loosening of the hold the heroine’s childhood has on her, and Anne and Dorothea end up in very different places to where they began. They both reject their position as part of the rural landed gentry to instead gain entry into a more dynamic and inclusive community. This personal transition is accompanied by a more explicit delineation of the evolving socio-political landscape, an increase in the heroine’s mobility and fluidity, and an ending that frustrates a sense of stable closure in preference for one of more open possibility. Thus, so far from being read simply as ‘marriage plots’ Austen and Eliot subversively depict the young woman’s changing position and prospects as a matter of national importance.</p>

Female development disorders after prenatal betamethasone treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 259 ◽  
pp. S230-S231
Author(s):  
T.L. Pacheco ◽  
C.S. Borges ◽  
A.F.M.G. Dias ◽  
R.F. Silva ◽  
P.V. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Development

Sex determination in the germ line of Drosophila melanogaster: activation of the gene Sex-lethal

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 813-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Granadino ◽  
P. Santamaria ◽  
L. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Female Development ◽  
Pole Cell ◽  
Somatic Tissues ◽  
Wild Type Female ◽  
Sex Lethal ◽  
Pole Cell Transplantation

The germ line exhibits sexual dimorphism as do the somatic tissues. Cells with the 2X;2A chromosome constitution will follow the oogenic pathway and X;2A cells will develop into sperm. In both somatic and germ-line tissues, the sexual pathway chosen by the cells depends on the gene Sex-lethal (Sxl), whose function is continuously needed for female development. In the soma, the sex of the cells is autonomously determined by the X:A signal while, in the germ line, the sex is determined by cell autonomous (the X:A signal) and somatic inductive signals. Three X-linked genes have been identified, scute (sc), sisterless-a (sis-a) and runt (run), that determine the initial functional state of Sxl in the soma. Using pole cell transplantation, we have tested whether these genes are also needed to activate Sxl in the germ line. We found that germ cells simultaneously heterozygous for sc, sis-a, run and a deficiency for Sxl transplanted into wild-type female hosts develop into functional oocytes. We conclude that the genes sc, sis-a and run needed to activate Sxl in the soma seem not to be required to activate this gene in the germ line; therefore, the X:A signal would be made up by different genes in somatic and germ-line tissues. The Sxlf7M1/Sxlfc females do not have developed ovaries. We have shown that germ cells of this genotype transplanted into wild-type female hosts produce functional oocytes. We conclude that the somatic component of the gonads in Sxlf7M1/Sxlfc females is affected, and consequently germ cells do not develop.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cultural, historical and psychoanalytic contributions to female identity in China: a discussion of articles by Tong Jun and Wang Qian

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
Paula L. Ellman
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Application ◽  
Psychoanalytic Theory ◽  
Female Identity ◽  
Intergenerational Trauma ◽  
Female Development ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Unconscious Fantasy

This article offers a discussion of two articles that are both considerations of the intersection of culture and the psyche. The development and conflicts within the Chinese woman's psyche are examined within the context of the history, values, and culture of China. This article considers the place of the powerful maternal imago in understanding the denigration of the feminine position. The presence of unconscious fantasy along with intergenerational trauma is examined, particularly in instances of misogyny. The contributions to the psychoanalytic theory of femininity and female development is reviewed with a discussion of clinical application.

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