The Bond-Type Effect on Yield to Maturity

1987 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Peter Ove Christensen ◽  
Jørgen Aase Nielsen ◽  
Jorgen Aase Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Bond Type ◽  
Effect On Yield

scholarly journals Combined effects of landscape composition and pesticide use on herbivore and pollinator functions in smallholder farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Struelens ◽  
Diego Mina ◽  
Olivier Dangles
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Landscape Composition ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Pollinator Abundance ◽  
New Information ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Effect On Yield

Abstract Background Landscape composition has the potential to foster regulating ecosystem services such as pollination and biocontrol in temperate regions. However, most landscape studies do not take pesticide use into account even though it is the main control strategy worldwide and has negative impacts on beneficial insects. Moreover, few studies have explored these combined effects in smallholder cropping system with diverse landscapes and small cultivated fields. Methods We assessed the effect of semi-natural cover and pesticide use on pollinator and herbivore abundances and functions in 9 fields in the Ecuadorian Andes through participatory experiments with smallholder farmers. We performed a path analysis to quantify the effects of landscape and pesticide use on herbivory, pollination and ultimately yield. Results Pesticide use significantly reduced pollinator abundance but had no significant effect on pest abundance. Similarly, we found non-significant effects of landscape composition on either herbivory and pollination. The study also provides new information on understudied Andean lupine’s pests and pollinators, whose application for small farmers is discussed. Finally, we hypothesize that peculiarities of tropical smallholder cropping systems and landscapes could explain the non-significant landscape effects on insect-based processes, which calls for more research in places outside the well-studied temperate region. Conclusions Landscape composition did not show any significant effect on pest and pollinator while pesticide use decreased the abundance pollinators, but with no significant effect on yield. This study also provides information about Andean lupine reproduction and overcompensation mechanisms that could be of interest for local farmers and researchers of this understudied crop.

scholarly journals Land Use Transitions and Farm Performance in China: A Perspective of Land Fragmentation

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 792
Author(s):  
Shukun Wang ◽  
Dengwang Li ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
Changquan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Land Fragmentation ◽  
Land Transfer ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Farm Performance ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
The Relationship

Land fragmentation (LF) is widespread worldwide and affects farmers’ decision-making and, thus, farm performance. We used detailed household survey data at the crop level from ten provinces in China to construct four LF indicators and six farm performance indicators. We ran a set of regression models using OLS methods to analyse the relationship between LF and farm performance. The results showed that (1) LF increased the input of production material and labour costs; (2) LF reduced farmers’ purchasing of mechanical services and the efficiency of ploughing; and (3) LF may increase technical efficiency (this result, however, was not sufficiently robust and had no effect on yield). Generally speaking, LF was negatively related to farm performance. To improve farm performance, it is recommended that decision-makers speed up land transfer and land consolidation, stabilise land property rights, establish land-transfer intermediary organisations and promote large-scale production.

Development of Organically Complexed-Bioaugmented Boron-Coated DAP and Its Effect on Yield and Quality of Canola (Brassica napus L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayyaba Samreen ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Zahir Ahmad Zahir ◽  
Muhammad Zulqernain Nazir ◽  
Saima Noureen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Effect On Yield

scholarly journals Relationship Between Root and Yield Related Morphological Characters in Pea (Pisum Sativum L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Sylwia Ciaglo-Androsiuk
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Canonical Correlations ◽  
Effect On Yield

AbstractRelation between morphological traits of the root system and yield related traits is an important issue concerning efforts aiming at improving of ideotype of cultivated plants species, including pea. In this paper, to analyse the dependency between traits describing the root system morphology and yield potential, Person’s andSpearman's_correlations as well as canonical correlations were used.Root system was analyzed in 14 and 21 day-old seedlings growing in blotting-paper cylinders. Yield potential of pea was analysed in a field experiment. Results of Person’s and Spearman's_correlations revealed that number of lateral roots and lateral roots density were correlated witch yield related traits. Correlation between root length and shoot length was observed only for 14 day-old seedlings. The result of canonical correlations revealed that number of lateral roots and lateral roots density had the largest effect on yield related traits. This work highlights, that in order to improve the yield of pea it might become necessary to understand genetic determination of morphological traits of the root system, especially number of lateral roots.

PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT AND FOREIGN CURRENCY DENOMINATED BONDS

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (05) ◽  
pp. 763-770
Author(s):  
SILVIA CECCACCI ◽  
ALESSANDRO MARCHESIANI ◽  
LORENZO PECCHI
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
Bond Type ◽  
Total Debt ◽  
Public Debt Management ◽  
Percentage Share ◽  
Increasing Function

Foreign-currency denominated securities are introduced in a stochastic model à la Missale [13]. It is shown that the percentage share of this bond type, as compared to total debt, is an increasing function of the covariance between the output and the rate of depreciation, but it may or may not be a decreasing function of the volatility of the rate of depreciation.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Synergistic Interaction Between Two Cucurbit-Infecting Begomoviruses: Squash leaf curl virus and Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Sufrin-Ringwald ◽  
Moshe Lapidot
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Dual Infection ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Bipartite Begomoviruses ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Squash Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
Watermelon Chlorotic Stunt Virus ◽  
Leaf Curl

Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) and Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) are cucurbit-infecting bipartite begomoviruses. Both viruses are found in the eastern Mediterranean basin but the effects of dual infection of both viruses on melon (Cucumis melo L.) have not been described. ‘Arava’ melon plants were inoculated in the greenhouse, using whiteflies, with either SLCV, WmCSV, or both. Control plants were exposed to nonviruliferous whiteflies or not exposed at all. Following inoculation, plants were transplanted to a 50-mesh insect-proof nethouse and grown until fruit maturity. The experiment was performed in two melon-growing seasons: spring, transplant in May and harvest in July; and summer, transplant in August and harvest in October. Following inoculation, SLCV-infected melon plants showed mild symptoms that disappeared with time, and there was no effect on plant height. WmCSV-infected plants developed disease symptoms that became more obvious with time, and plants were somewhat shorter than control plants in the spring but not in the summer. SLCV had no effect on yield, regardless of season. WmCSV had no statistically significant effect on yield in the spring but, in the summer, reduced yield by 22%, on average. Dual-inoculated plants showed a synergistic interaction between the two viruses. They developed disease symptoms that were more pronounced than WmCSV alone, with plants being shorter than control plants by 20 to 25% regardless of season. Moreover, the yield of dual-inoculated plants was reduced on average by 21% in the spring and 54% in the summer, and fruit appearance was adversely affected. Dual inoculation did not affect WmCSV DNA level but SLCV DNA level was increased several-fold by the presence of WmCSV.

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