Continuous Loudness Judgments of Dynamics in Recorded Music Excerpts

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Geringer
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
Noise Band ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Digital Interface ◽  
Recorded Music ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Musical Context

This study was designed to investigate loudness judgments of musician and nonmu-sician listeners in response to performed dynamic changes within a musical context. Ten previously recorded music excerpts selected from diverse examples of music served as stimuli. Subjects listened individually and responded continuously during music examples using the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) to indicate perceived loudness levels. A three-way analysis of variance revealed that musician subjects indicated a significantly smaller magnitude of dynamic change than did nonmusician subjects. Crescendos were judged as having a significantly greater magnitude of change than decrescendos. There were also differences between the individual excerpts. The obtained relationships between the subjective magnitude of loudness change and the physical magnitude of intensity change were compared to those found in the psychoa-coustical literature. Music stimuli in context were perceived somewhat differently than were the pure tone and noise-band stimuli of previous research.

A Comparison of Music Majors' and Nonmajors' Perceptions of Tension for Two Selections of Jazz Music

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Fredrickson ◽  
John C. Coggiola
Keyword(s):  
Order Effect ◽  
Music Majors ◽  
Aesthetic Response ◽  
Digital Interface ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Jazz Music ◽  
Nonmusic Majors ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Musical Context ◽  
Musical Selection

The present study allowed music majors (n = 40) and nonmajors (n = 30) to record their perceptions of tension in two selections of jazz music using the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI). Both musical stimuli were recorded versions of “St. Louis Blues” by W. C. Handy, The first was a popular, stylized version sung by Nat King Cole, and the second, which included an extensive improvisatory section, was performed by Ella Fitzgerald. In comparing these results to earlier studies dealing with music majors' and nonmajors' perceived tension and aesthetic response, there are certain factors that remain constant Music majors' responses did not seem to differ markedly in overall contour from nonmusic majors' responses, which is consistent with previous research. Graphs of perceived tension responses are much more highly differentiated than are graphs of perceived aesthetic response. These graphs produce a pattern that is unique to that musical selection (or in this case, a highly stylized performance). Subjects had no trouble performing the task or using an existing internal definition of musical tension. This existing internal definition is probably applied to a variety of musical styles, including jazz. This study also seemed to indicate a definite order effect in the presentation of the stimuli, which may relate to the way listeners put what they hear into a musical context.

Emotion versus Tension in Haydn's Symphony no. 104 as Measured by the Two-Dimensional Continuous Response Digital Interface

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford K. Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Affective Response ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Digital Interface ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Mouse Cursor ◽  
Graphic Analysis ◽  
Musical Context

This study compared musicians' responses while listening to the first movement of Haydn's Symphony no. 104 using a two-dimensional continuous response digital interface (CRDI). The two-dimensional CRDI uses a mouse cursor via a computer screen to indicate the interrelationship of two dimensions simultaneously. In the present investigation, 50 musicians were presented with the dimensions of arousal (i.e., relaxing-exciting) and affect (i.e., ugly-beautiful). The vertical dimension on the computer screen listed the word “Exciting” at the top and “Relaxing” at the bottom; the horizontal axis listed “Ugly” on the left side and “Beautiful” on the opposite side. Subjects moved the cursor as they tracked their response to the musk. Results indicated that there was an inverse relationship between the two dimensions as subjects tracked responses during this selection. The correlation between the two dimensions was r = −.58. Additionally, graphic analysis indicated almost a mirror-image relationship between the two dimensions. When analyzed within the musical context, both the arousal and the excitement dimensions evidenced many subtle characteristics shown graphically as peaks and valleys corresponding to variations in the music. It was apparent that these two dimensions represent different aspects of perceived listening; the exciting-relaxing dimension representing degrees of arousal that were most often the opposite from subjects' affective response. Additional comparisons were made with previous research that used this identical Haydn selection but measured each dimension separately.

Prevalence of vocal problems: Speech-language pathologists’ evaluation of music and non-music teacher recordings

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Rhonda S. Hackworth
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Teacher Evaluations ◽  
Music Teacher ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Digital Interface ◽  
Vocal Hygiene ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Preliminary Examination ◽  
The Individual

The current study, a preliminary examination of whether music teachers are more susceptible to vocal problems than teachers of other subjects, asked for expert evaluation of audio recordings from licensed speech-language pathologists. Participants ( N = 41) taught music ( n = 23) or another subject ( n = 18) in either elementary ( n = 21), middle ( n = 10), or high school ( n = 10), and had a mean of 14 years’ teaching experience. Each teacher read a poem while being audio recorded. Nine licensed speech-language pathologists with a mean of 20 years’ clinical experience served as expert evaluators by listening to the 41 recordings while manipulating the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) dial. Results showed no significant differences between music and non-music teacher evaluations. The individual variations in scores showed no trends for any particular group, but rather pointed out how personal vocal hygiene (care of the voice) is for individual teachers. Suggestions for future research include ways to best help teachers manage individual vocal problems.

scholarly journals Measuring Dynamic Changes in the Spatial Pattern and Connectivity of Surface Waters Based on Landscape and Graph Metrics: A Case Study of Henan Province in Central China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Bo Mu ◽  
Guohang Tian ◽  
Gengyu Xin ◽  
Miao Hu ◽  
Panpan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Henan Province ◽  
Central China ◽  
Node Degree ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Stepping Stones ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Graph Metrics

An understanding of the scientific layout of surface water space is crucial for the sustainable development of human society and the ecological environment. The objective of this study was to use land-use/land-cover data to identify the spatiotemporal dynamic change processes and the influencing factors over the past three decades in Henan Province, central China. Multidisciplinary theories (landscape ecology and graph theory) and methods (GIS spatial analysis and SPSS correlation analysis) were used to quantify the dynamic changes in surface water pattern and connectivity. Our results revealed that the water area decreased significantly during the periods of 1990–2000 and 2010–2018 due to a decrease in tidal flats and linear waters, but increased significantly in 2000–2010 due to an increase in patchy waters. Human construction activities, socioeconomic development and topography were the key factors driving the dynamics of water pattern and connectivity. The use of graph metrics (node degree, betweenness centrality, and delta probability of connectivity) in combination with landscape metrics (Euclidean nearest-neighbor distance) can help establish the parameters of threshold distance between connected habitats, identify hubs and stepping stones, and determine the relatively important water patches that require priority protection or development.

scholarly journals Temporal association between human upper respiratory and gut bacterial microbiomes during the course of COVID-19 in adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Xu ◽  
Renfei Lu ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Qunfu Wu ◽  
Weihua Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Community Types ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
16 S Rrna

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 is the cause of COVID-19. It infects multiple organs including the respiratory tract and gut. Dynamic changes of regional microbiomes in infected adults are largely unknown. Here, we performed longitudinal analyses of throat and anal swabs from 35 COVID-19 and 19 healthy adult controls, as well as 10 non-COVID-19 patients with other diseases, by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed a partitioning of the patients into 3-4 categories based on microbial community types (I-IV) in both sites. The bacterial diversity was lower in COVID-19 patients than healthy controls and decreased gradually from community type I to III/IV. Although the dynamic change of microbiome was complex during COVID-19, a synchronous restoration of both the upper respiratory and gut microbiomes from early dysbiosis towards late more diverse status was observed in 6/8 mild COVID-19 adult patients. These findings reveal previously unknown interactions between upper respiratory and gut microbiomes during COVID-19.

Social trust, norms and morality

Human Affairs ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Popper
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe article approaches the topic of social trust from an evolutionary perspective. It begins by summarising the most influential approaches that have defined specific and social trust and ascertains what causes differences in degrees of trust and how the potential risk of deception might be lowered. It then notes that the basis of morality had already been formed during the era of prehistoric man, who was able to create coalitions against aggressors and to socially control the behaviour of deviants. It points out, however, that having a certain predisposition to behaving cooperatively or an increased sensitivity to recognising and not tolerating behaviour aimed at abusing cooperation is not a sufficient guarantee of the fact that people will always (or at least in the majority of situations) favour cooperation over deception. One of the reasons for this is a tendency to favour short-term gains over long-term ones. The article argues that establishing norms (moral, social and legal) produces a higher level of social trust because it not only “encourages” individuals to behave in certain ways in particular situations but also works as a sanction which “discourages” the individual from socially deviant behaviour. The article then focuses on a debate about the causal relationship between social trust and social capital. It discusses the suggestion that political institutions, government and the judiciary may reduce rather than raise levels of social capital and consequently also the level of social trust. This is partly because of their powerful position and the consequent scope for corruption and partly because of the fact that even when attempting to act honestly, representatives of these institutions cannot sufficiently reflect upon dynamic change at the local level. Finally, the article ends by adopting the position that social trust is built primarily from bottom up and so it is risky to continually doubt the very existence and usefulness of social norms and morality and to be governed simply by legal norms.

Adolescent Musicians' Perceptions of Conductors Within Musical Context

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford K. Madsen ◽  
John M. Geringer ◽  
Katia Madsen
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Summer Camp ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Audio Video ◽  
Musical Context

Attention to subtle changes in music, whether inadvertent or purposeful, occupies a great deal of practice and rehearsal time for the performer. Regardless of the extremely subtle acoustic changes that have been found to be perceptible within almost all studies, it is the total overall effect that most occupies the individual listener. This study investigated perception of digitally edited performances of Johann Strauss's Blue Danube Waltz, all performed by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra with various conductors across an 18-year period. Two groups of string musicians in grades 7 through 12 participated ( N = 104). One group was an intact class; the second was a group of summer camp students. All participants listened to two conditions: (a) audio only and (b) audio-video combination. Results indicated that there were no significant differences between groups and that no one was able to identify correctly that there were five different conductors in the audio-only condition. Results were much the same as earlier research with college students. In addition, many students indicated that there were differences in the audio portions of the two conditions when in fact there were not.

scholarly journals Acoustic reflex measurements and the loudness function in sensorineural hearing loss

1980 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Uliel
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
Acoustic Impedance ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing ◽  
Acoustic Reflex ◽  
Reflex Responses ◽  
Loudness Function ◽  
The Individual

The suprathreshold acoustic reflex responses of forty two ears affected by sensorineural hearing loss of cochlear origin and fifty-eight ears demonstrating normal hearing, were recorded by means of an electro-acoustic impedance meter and attached X-Y recorder. The recordings were done in ascending and descending fashion,  at successively increasing and decreasing 5dB intensity levels from 90-120-90 dB HL respectively, for the individual pure-tone frequencies of 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 4 000 Hz. The contralateral mode of measurement was employed. Analysis of  these recordings indicated that the acoustic reflex  responses could be differentiated into five  characteristic patterns of  growth, which could be depicted upon a continuum of peaked, peaked-rounded, rounded, rounded-flat,  and flat  shapes. The peaked and peaked-rounded patterns were found  to predominate at all four pure-tone frequencies  in the normal ears, while the rounded-fiat  and flat  patterns were found  to predominate only at the higher pure-tone frequencies of 2 000 and 4 000 Hz in the ears affected  by sensorineural hearing loss. This latter relationship was also able to be applied to two disorders of  the loudness functio— loudness recruitment and hyperacusis. It was concluded that the flattened  acoustic reflex  patterns at the higher pure-tone frequencies  constituted a potential diagnostic cue related to the differential  diagnosis of sensorineural hearing loss, and to disorders of  the loudness function.

scholarly journals Leadership Qualities in Project Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (521) ◽  
pp. 240-245
Author(s):  
H. Y. Luchko ◽  
◽  
I. V. Kohut ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Project Manager ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Leadership Qualities ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Management Standard ◽  
The Individual

This article is aimed at researching the phenomenon of leadership, analyzing the qualities of project leaders and defining the key qualities that project managers should have to effectively manage teams and achieve maximum results. The article defines that in order to ensure effective management of the project team with dynamic changes in the external environment, the project manager must be not only a director, but also a leader at the same time. It is precisely the leadership qualities of the project manager, which provide the ability to coordinate the team’s work in such a manner that certain results be achieved, i.e., the expectations of the main stakeholders be fulfilled or exceeded. The article examines the most characteristic traits inherent in leaders, which are highlighted by various researchers of the «traits theory». It is determined that of importance for a project manager is not only certain traits of the leader, but also professional competence. The criteria for assessing the level of competence of project managers in accordance with the ICB4 standard, as well as the necessary skills in relation to the individual competence of «Leadership», are specified. The main qualities and skills of the leader-manager according to the latest version of the PMBOOK project management standard are also considered. The research carried out by the authors resulted in distinguishing the most important qualities of the leader, which, combined with the necessary professional knowledge and skills, will allow project managers to become successful and effective in team cohesion to achieve the best results in project activities. The traits allocated as result of the research, such as responsibility, perseverance, ability to cooperate, kindness and others, will allow project managers to be successful leaders of their teams and to effectively manage projects and programs.

scholarly journals Explicitly Analyze the Soil Erosion in the Karst and Non-Karst Area of Different Morphological Types in Guizhou of China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjun Lan ◽  
Zemeng Fan ◽  
Qingsong Zhao ◽  
Xuyang Bai
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Karst Area ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Change Intensity ◽  
Erosion Intensity

Abstract How to explicitly understanding the soil erosion intensity change in different geomorphological types is one of key issues in the field of soil and water conservation. According to classification criterion of soil erosion intensity of China, the spatial soil erosion data with the resolution of 10 m×10m in Guizhou Province were obtained by combing with the multi-resolution remote sensing data of ALOS, ZY-3, GF-1, Landsat and GDEMV2, and 2762 field sampling data in 2010 and 2015, respectively. a spatial analysis model of soil erosion was improved to analyze the spatiotemporal change of soil erosion intensity in karst and non karst area of Guizhou province, which involved the spatial soil erosion data and different geomorphological type data of Guizhou province. The results show that the soil erosion intensity decreased by 6468.13km 2 in Guizhou Province from 2010 to 2015. The dynamic change intensity in the high-altitude area is larger than in the low-altitude area. The soil change intensity in karst area is higher than in non karst area, especially in the high and middle elevation area in Guizhou province. Moreover, the decreasing ratio of soil erosion intensity in karst area is generally larger than in non karst area, which can be used to explain that the ecological restoration projects and water soil conservation polices carried out in karst area has a good effect, especially in western of Guizhou province from 2010 to 2015, one the other hand, the soil erosion in non karst area should also be focused by local government in the future.

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