Allozyme Analysis of Trichinella Isolates from Various Host Species and Geographical Regions

Powassan virus (POWV), a tick-borne flavivirus, is the only member of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup found in North America. Two distinct lineages, prototype lineage (POWV, lineage I) and deer tick virus (DVT, lineage II) are maintained in enzootic transmission cycles by different tick species based on different geographical regions. In North America, Ixodes scapularis acts as the primary vector throughout the Northeast, and Ixodes cookei throughout the Midwest and much of Canada. Importantly, the incidence of human disease due to POWV has increased by 671% over the last 18 years; with DVT perhapes being the most worrisome genotype due to the wide spread range and prevalence of the vector species. The aim of this study is to assess the evolutionary dynamics of the POWV/DTV complex using the most current full-genome, envelope, and 3’UTR sequences available. Bayesian phylogenetic inferences support the two distinct, monophyletic lineages corresponding to POWV and DTV. Additional analysis were performed in order to quantify the degree to which viral phenotypic characters (such as geographic location, and host species utilization) are correlated with shared ancestry within the two different genotypes. The results of this phylogeny-trait correlation analysis suggest significant clustering of viral sequence by sample location. Such in situ evolution is compatible with the relatively limited distances traveled by most ticks and their prefered host species. Lastly, genetic recombination analysis shows no evidence of between genotype recombination, however further analysis needs to be conducted using within genotype recombination analysis as recombination events may be restricted to only closely genetically related viruses.

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Antibodies in the Sera of Host Species with Pythiosis Recognize a Variety of Unique Immunogens in Geographically Divergent Pythium insidiosum Strains

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00429-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 330-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Ariya Chindamporn ◽

Raquel Vilela ◽

Kathleen A. Hoag ◽

Leonel Mendoza

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Protein Profile ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Pythium Insidiosum ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Human Sera ◽

Immunogenic Proteins

ABSTRACT Studies by Western blot analyses have shown that antibodies in the sera of host species infected by Pythium insidiosum recognized several prominent proteins expressed by this fungus-like pathogen. Although these studies have utilized sera from infected patients and relevant local strains of P. insidiosum, the results are difficult to compare because of the lack of method standardization. In an effort to resolve this issue, we have utilized standardized methodologies to evaluate six P. insidiosum strains from Asia and the Americas and 15 serum samples from cattle, cats, dogs, horses, and humans with pythiosis from the same geographical regions. Our data show that the antibodies present in these sera recognize a wide variety of unique P. insidiosum immunogenic proteins. Although some of the prominent proteins in this study have been previously reported, several others have yet to be described. For instance, a ∼28-kDa-molecular-mass antigen was detected by the antibodies in all serum samples evaluated. However, this antigen was strongly expressed by only one of the strains evaluated. A diffuse ∼51-kDa protein was not detected by the antibodies in the human sera; but it was recognized by the antibodies in the sera of cattle, cats, dogs, and horses. This antigen was expressed by only two of the strains investigated. Several other similar examples were also observed. The variation of the P. insidiosum protein profile identified by the antibodies in the sera evaluated indicates that some geographically diverged P. insidosum strains expressed some unique immunogens in vitro and that during natural infection (in vivo) P. insidiosum might express a broader number of antigens variably detected by individuals within the same species but especially across species.

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Effect of species environment on host preference of Cuscuta campestris

Plant Ecology ◽

10.1007/s11258-021-01158-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kornél Baráth

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Resource Use ◽

Host Species ◽

Host Preference ◽

Parasitic Plants ◽

Defence Mechanisms ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Cuscuta Campestris ◽

The World

AbstractCuscuta campestris is one of the most widespread and most harmful parasitic plants in the world. It regularly infests economically important crops substantially reducing their yield. Its host preference has been frequently investigated in natural habitats, but studies have usually been performed at only one site. In this study, I tested the hypothesis that host-preference studies performed at a single site provide information only about local individuals of the host species and not about the species of hosts in general. The preferential status of host species was investigated in different geographical regions, in different species environments. Altogether 1847 relationships between parasite and plant species were examined and categorized at 171 places in Hungary. The used method took into account the frequency and intensity of infestations on the hosts, the proportion of resource use and availability, the resource distribution as well as the defence mechanisms of the hosts. The frequency and intensity of infestations greatly varied amongst the 174 detected host species. The results confirmed that frequently parasitized hosts of C. campestris are not necessarily preferred. Most host species have infestations of varying intensity in different species environments. Poaceae species were found to differ from each other in the extent to which they support the parasite’s growth. The study revealed also that C. campestris does not always develop haustoria on individuals of those species, which are unable to contribute significantly to its growth.

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Biological Characterization of Trichinella Isolates from Various Host Species and Geographical Regions

Journal of Parasitology ◽

10.2307/3283539 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 78 (4) ◽

pp. 647 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Edoardo Pozio ◽

Giuseppe La Rosa ◽

Patrizia Rossi ◽

K. Darwin Murrell

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Biological Characterization ◽

Geographical Regions

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Influence of Host and Geographical Regions on the Rumen Methanogens Diversity in Indian Cattle and Buffaloes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-53542/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shraddha Trivedi ◽

Pradeep Kumar Malik ◽

Atul Purushottam Kolte ◽

Govindasamy Thirumalaisamy ◽

Vanitha Shyamili Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Host Species ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Indian Subcontinent ◽

Archaeal Community ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Variable Distribution ◽

Indian Cattle ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Archaea belong to the domain Euryarchaeota, represents only 3-5% of the rumen microbiota; however, they play a central role in maintaining the H2 pressure. Host species in conjunction with geographical regions may lead to the variable distribution of rumen methanogens. Indian cattle and buffaloes represent 13 and 53% of the global population, respectively. However, the influence of host species (bovine) and geographical regions on the methanogens distribution has not been investigated in Indian subcontinent. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to explore the rumen methanogens diversity in the cattle and buffaloes native to the two distinct geographical regions of India. Results Next generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene from 36 rumen fluid samples corresponding to cattle and buffaloes revealed that Methanobrevibacter (Mbr.) genus constituted largest fraction (55-62%) of the rumen archaeal community. Furthermore, Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii was the most prominent methanogens with the significantly higher abundance in cattle. Methanomassiliicoccales represented <10% of the total archaeal community and was found to be the most variable between these two host species. In north region, the distribution of Methanomassiliicoccales, such as Methanosphaera sp., Group 4, Group 8, Group 12 sp. and Group 9 sp. was significantly higher in cattle. The distribution of prominent methanogens, such as Mbr. gottschalkii and Mbr. ruminantium did not differ between two host species in the north region. However, Mbr. gottschalkii was significantly higher in buffaloes as compared to cattle in south region. Mbr. wolinii was exclusively detected in the cattle. Inter-region comparison established that Methanomassiliicoccales were the most variable between the two regions. Conclusions Host species did not affect the distribution of hydrogenotrophic methanogens except for Mbr. gottschalkii. Methylotrophic methanogens, in spite of their limited representation, were most influenced by the host species and geographical regions. Overall, the Methanomassiliicoccales distribution was higher in cattle, and the environmental conditions in north region were conducive for their higher distribution. The variable distribution of methanogens indicated that host and geographical region oriented strategies needs to be developed for the reduction of enteric methane emission. Further studies are warranted to explore the impact of diet on the distribution of rumen methanogens between the host species within and across different environmental conditions.

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