Chemical Attraction between Adults of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: Description of the Phenomenon and Effects of Host Immunity

1977 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Roberts ◽  
Ralph E. Thorson
Keyword(s):  
Host Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Chemical Attraction

scholarly journals The effects of changes in nutritional demand on gastrointestinal parasitism in lactating rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Normanton ◽  
Jos G. M. Houdijk ◽  
Neil S. Jessop ◽  
Dave P. Knox ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism

Lactating rats experience a breakdown of immunity to parasites, i.e. they carry larger worm burdens after re-infection compared to their non-lactating counterparts. Feeding high-protein foods to lactating rats results in reduced worm burdens. This could be attributed to changes in gastrointestinal environment or to overcoming effects of nutrient scarcity on host immunity. The latter hypothesis was addressed through a manipulation of nutrient demand by manipulating litter size. Twenty-three rats were immunized prior to mating and re-infected on day 2 of lactation with 1600 infective Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae. From parturition onwards, rats received ad libitum a low-protein food (100 g crude protein/kg). Litter sizes were standardised to nine (LS9), six (LS6) or three (LS3) pups, by day 2 of lactation. After a further 10 d, LS9 and LS6 rats carried more worms than LS3 rats. However, feeding treatments did not affect concentrations of mucosal inflammatory cells. Achieved feed intake did not differ consistently between the treatment groups. However, LS9 and LS6 rats lost weight, whilst LS3 rats gained weight during lactation. The results support the view that resistance to N. brasiliensis is sensitive to changes in nutrient demand, and the improved resistance to N. brasiliensis is likely due to effects of overcoming nutrient scarcity on host immunity.

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: the distribution of primary worm populations within the small intestine of neonatal rats

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Conwil Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Privileged Site ◽  
Day By Day

When neonatal rats were exposed to a small (200 larvae) primary infection of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis the worms that became established in the intestine were found in the mid-jejunum on both the seventh and the fourteenth day after infection. By day 21 most of the worms had migrated to the duodenum where they remained subsequently.When similar rats were exposed to a heavy primary infection (1500 larvae) the worms were found to be distributed along the length of the duodenum and jejunum by the seventh day. By day 28, however, a proportion of worms equal to that formerly located in the jejunum had been expelled, leaving a population of about 300 worms in the duodenum.It is suggested that the increased longevity of those worms that survive the effects of host immunity is dependent on their location at the duodenal site. The possibility is raised that the duodenum may be an immunologically privileged site for N. brasiliensis in young rats.

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: observations on factors affecting the establishment of secondary worm populations in rats

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Conwil Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Repeated Doses ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Cellular Immune

Previously immunized rats of different ages were exposed either to one large, or several small challenge infections with the nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The number of secondary worms harboured by each of these rats was then determined on the fourteenth day after exposure to challenge. It was found that worms adapted more efficiently to host immunity when both (a) the rats were less than 11 weeks old when challenged and (b) the challenge was given in small repeated doses over a period of weeks. The age of the rats on exposure to the immunizing primary infection, however, had little or no affect per se on the subsequent establishment of immune-adapted worms. It is tentatively suggested that the failure of worms to adapt effectively to the acquired immunity of older rats resulted from the acquisition by these rats of a fully competent cellular immune response.

scholarly journals Host- and Helminth-Derived Endocannabinoids That Have Effects on Host Immunity Are Generated during Infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hashini M. Batugedara ◽  
Donovan Argueta ◽  
Jessica C. Jang ◽  
Dihong Lu ◽  
Marissa Macchietto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intestinal Nematode

ABSTRACT Helminths have coevolved with their hosts, resulting in the development of specialized host immune mechanisms and parasite-specific regulatory products. Identification of new pathways that regulate helminth infection could provide a better understanding of host-helminth interaction and may identify new therapeutic targets for helminth infection. Here we identify the endocannabinoid system as a new mechanism that influences host immunity to helminths. Endocannabinoids are lipid-derived signaling molecules that control important physiologic processes, such as feeding behavior and metabolism. Following murine infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, an intestinal nematode with a life cycle similar to that of hookworms, we observed increased levels of endocannabinoids (2-arachidonoylglycerol [2-AG] or anandamide [AEA]) and the endocannabinoid-like molecule oleoylethanolamine (OEA) in infected lung and intestine. To investigate endocannabinoid function in helminth infection, we employed pharmacological inhibitors of cannabinoid subtype receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R). Compared to findings for vehicle-treated mice, inhibition of CB1R but not CB2R resulted in increased N. brasiliensis worm burden and egg output, associated with significantly decreased expression of the T helper type 2 cytokine interleukin 5 (IL-5) in intestinal tissue and splenocyte cultures. Strikingly, bioinformatic analysis of genomic and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data sets identified putative genes encoding endocannabinoid biosynthetic and degradative enzymes in many parasitic nematodes. To test the novel hypothesis that helminth parasites produce their own endocannabinoids, we measured endocannabinoid levels in N. brasiliensis by mass spectrometry and quantitative PCR and found that N. brasiliensis parasites produced endocannabinoids, especially at the infectious larval stage. To our knowledge, this is the first report of helminth- and host-derived endocannabinoids that promote host immune responses and reduce parasite burden.

Structural changes in the bovine nematode Haemonchus placei, that may be associated with host immune response

Parasitology ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Harness ◽  
K. Smith ◽  
Patricia Bland
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Haemonchus Placei

The structure of H. placei adult worms, obtained from calves at 4, 7, 10 or 11–13 weeks after primary infection, has been studied. A reorganization of rough endoplasmic reticuhim in the cytoplasm of the gut cells was seen at 10 weeks and this was followed by marked vacuolation of many of these cells, associated with an increase in lipid production. Increases of lipid were also found in the hypodermis, lateral cords and occasionally muscle cells of worms examined at 11–13 weeks after infection.It is suggested that these changes are the result of the host immune response, because they resemble changes which occur in the rat nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and which are known to be caused by host immunity.

The effect of immunity upon some enzymes of the parasitic nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

Parasitology ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Edwards ◽  
J. S. Burt ◽  
Bridget M. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Isoenzyme Patterns ◽  
Final Proof

Isoenzyme patterns of normal adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were compared with those of damaged worms permanently affected by immunity and adapted worms which show increased resistance to immunity.Isoenzymes of acetylcholinesterase, found in glands of the head end of the worms, showed changes in damaged and adapted worms which can be related to the effects of immunity.Aminopeptidases and non-specific esterases from the same glands were unchanged in worms affected by immunity.Isoenzymes of acid phosphatase found in the gut of the worms were altered in damaged and adapted worms; these changes are probably secondary to the changes in acetylcholinesterases.Of the enzymes studied, acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme most likely to be the antigen which stimulates host immunity, but final proof of this is required.We are most grateful to Dr Valerie E. Jones for many helpful suggestions.

scholarly journals Hsp12.6 Expression Is Inducible by Host Immunity in Adult Worms of the Parasitic Nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. e18141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Arizono ◽  
Minoru Yamada ◽  
Tatsuya Tegoshi ◽  
Yutaka Takaoka ◽  
Mika Ohta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis
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