Echinococcus multilocularis: A Possible Domestic Life Cycle in Central North America and Its Public Health Implications

1972 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Leiby ◽  
Delane C. Kritsky
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
North America ◽  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Domestic Life ◽  
Health Implications

scholarly journals A comparison of Species Distribution Modeling approaches for an under-sampled parasite of public health importance, Echinococcus multilocularis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Williams ◽  
Brian Egan ◽  
Katharina Dittmar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
North America ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
The United States ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Occurrence Data

AbstractBackgroundSpecies distribution models (SDMs) have an important role in predicting the range of emerging and understudied pathogens and parasites. Their use, however, is often limited by the lack of high-resolution unbiased occurrence records. Echinococcus multilocularis is a parasitic cestode of public health importance which is widely distributed throughout Eu rasia and is considered an emerging threat in North America. In common with many parasite species, available data for E. multilocularis occurrence are spatially biased and often poorly geo-referenced.ResultsHere we produce three separate SDMs using MaxEnt for E. multilocularis using varying complexities of sampling schemes and environmental predictors, designed to make the best possible use of non-ideal occurrence data. The most realistic model utilized both derived and basic climatic predictors; an occurrence sampling scheme which relied primarily on high resolution occurrences from the literature and a bias grid to compensate for an apparently uneven research effort. All models predicted extensive regions of high suitability for E. multilocularis in North America, where the parasite is poorly studied and not currently under coordinated surveillance.ConclusionsThrough a pragmatic approach to non-ideal occurrence data we were able to produce a statistically well supported SDM for an under-studied species of public health importance. Although the final model was only trained on data from Eurasia, the global model projection encompassed all known occurrences in the United States. The approach defined here may be applicable to many other such species and could provide useful information to direct resources for future field based surveillance programs for E. multilocularis in North America.

Understanding the Public Health Implications of Prisoner Reentry in California: Summary

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lois M. Davis ◽  
Nancy Nicosia ◽  
Adrian Overton ◽  
Lisa Miyashiro ◽  
Kathryn Pitkin Derose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Prisoner Reentry ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
The Public

Subthreshold Depression in Older Adults: Epidemiology, Illness Course, and Public Health Implications

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Meeks ◽  
I. V. Vahia ◽  
H. Lavretsky ◽  
G. Kulkarni ◽  
D. V. Jeste
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Subthreshold Depression ◽  
Health Implications

EPEGENTIC TOXICOLOGY: PERSPECTIVES OF THE DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
pp. 2-7
Author(s):  
G. A. Sofronov ◽  
E. L. Patkin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Time Periods

One of the complex problems of modern experimental toxicology remains the molecular mechanism of formation of human health disorders separated at different time periods from acute or chronic exposure to toxic environmental pollutants (ecotoxicants). Identifying and understanding what epigenetic changes are induced by the environment, and how they can lead to unfavorable outcome, are vital for protecting public health. Therefore, we consider it important a modern understanding of epigenetic mechanisms involved in the life cycle of mammals and assess available data on the environmentally caused epigenetic toxicity and, accordingly fledging epigenenomic (epigenetic) regulatory toxicology.

PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF AIRBORNE INFECTION: PHYSICAL ASPECTS

1961 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Perkins ◽  
L. M. Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Airborne Infection

scholarly journals 20.F. Workshop: Dental care – coverage and access across countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
North America ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Universal Health Coverage ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Financial Protection ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Universal Health

Abstract Oral health is a central element of general health with significant impact in terms of pain, suffering, impairment of function and reduced quality of life. Although most oral disease can be prevented by health promotion strategies and routine access to primary oral health care, the GBD study 2017 estimated that oral diseases affect over 3.5 billion people worldwide (Watt et al, 2019). Given the importance of oral health and its potential contribution to achieving universal health coverage (UHC), it has received increased attention in public health debates in recent years. However, little is known about the large variations across countries in terms of service delivery, coverage and financing of oral health. There is a lack of international comparison and understanding of who delivers oral health services, how much is devoted to oral health care and who funds the costs for which type of treatment (Eaton et al., 2019). Yet, these aspects are central for understanding the scope for improvement regarding financial protection against costs of dental care and equal access to services in each country. This workshop aims to present the comparative research on dental care coverage in Europe, North America and Australia led by the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Three presentations will look at dental care coverage using different methods and approaches. They will compare how well the population is covered for dental care especially within Europe and North America considering the health systems design and expenditure level on dental care, using the WHO coverage cube as analytical framework. The first presentation shows results of a cross-country Health Systems in Transition (HiT) review on dental care. It provides a comparative review and analysis of financing, coverage and access in 31 European countries, describing the main trends also in the provision of dental care. The second presentation compares dental care coverage in eight jurisdictions (Australia (New South Wales), Canada (Alberta), England, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United States) with a particular focus on older adults. The third presentation uses a vignette approach to map the extent of coverage of dental services offered by statutory systems (social insurance, compulsory insurance, NHS) in selected countries in Europe and North America. This workshop provides the opportunity of a focussed discussion on coverage of dental care, which is often neglected in the discussion on access to health services and universal health coverage. The objectives of the workshop are to discuss the oral health systems in an international comparative setting and to draw lessons on best practices and coverage design. The World Conference on Public Health is hence a good opportunity for this workshop that contributes to frame the discussion on oral health systems in a global perspective. Key messages There is large degree of variation in the extent to which the costs of dental care are covered by the statutory systems worldwide with implications for oral health outcomes and financial protection. There is a need for a more systematic collection of oral health indicators to make analysis of reliable and comparable oral health data possible.

scholarly journals La Crosse Virus Shows Strain-Specific Differences in Pathogenesis

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
Sarah N. Wilson ◽  
Krisangel López ◽  
Sheryl Coutermash-Ott ◽  
Dawn I. Auguste ◽  
Danielle L. Porier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
North America ◽  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Strain Selection ◽  
La Crosse Virus ◽  
Murine Models ◽  
Suckling Mouse ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
Representative Strain ◽  
Ancestral Strain

La Crosse virus (LACV) is the leading cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in North America, and is an important public health pathogen. Historically, studies involving LACV pathogenesis have focused on lineage I strains, but no former work has explored the pathogenesis between or within lineages. Given the absence of LACV disease in endemic regions where a robust entomological risk exists, we hypothesize that some LACV strains are attenuated and demonstrate reduced neuroinvasiveness. Herein, we compared four viral strains representing all three lineages to determine differences in neurovirulence or neuroinvasiveness using three murine models. A representative strain from lineage I was shown to be the most lethal, causing >50% mortality in each of the three mouse studies. However, other strains only presented excessive mortality (>50%) within the suckling mouse neurovirulence model. Neurovirulence was comparable among strains, but viruses differed in their neuroinvasive capacities. Our studies also showed that viruses within lineage III vary in pathogenesis with contemporaneous strains, showing reduced neuroinvasiveness compared to an ancestral strain from the same U.S. state (i.e., Connecticut). These findings demonstrate that LACV strains differ markedly in pathogenesis, and that strain selection is important for assessing vaccine and therapeutic efficacies.

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