Effect of Several Nematodes on an Initial Infection of Nematospiroides dubius in Mice

1961 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 433 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Y. H. Liu ◽  
M. H. Ivey
Keyword(s):  
Initial Infection ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius

Some effects of the diet of mice on Nematospiroides dubius (Nematoda)

Parasitology ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Bawden
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Australian Wool ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius

The establishment of N. dubius juveniles was more successful in mice maintained on a diet inadequate to support the full growth potential of the animals than in mice maintained on an adequate diet. The distribution of encysted juveniles along the duodenum was considerably more extensive in the former group of mice.More juveniles were established in male than in female mice within the respective dietary groups, although the pattern of distribution was similar.The distribution of adult nematodes at 10 days after infection was confined to a smaller area of the duodenum than that of the encysted juveniles at 5 days.The differences in distribution of nematodes after 5 and 10 days between the HP and LP mice was not evident after 21 days. The survival of adult nematodes in the HP mice was more successful than in the LP animals.The female nematodes in the LP mice achieved a greater length but were less prolific egg producers than those in the HP mice.A diet inadequate to support the full growth potential of mice was therefore associated with the increased ability of Nematospiroides dubius juveniles to establish themselves in mice compared with the situation in adequately fed animals. The low plane diet, on the other hand, was associated with a decreased ability of the adult nematodes to survive.This work was supported by grants from the Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan and the Australian Wool Board. I should like to express my appreciation for the supervision of this work by Professor J. F. A. Sprent and to thank Miss Sharon McFeeter and Mrs Anne McKeown for their most competent technical assistance.

Certain aspects of the host-parasite relationship ofNematospiroides dubius(Baylis). II. The effect of sex on experimental infections in the rat (an abnormal host)

Parasitology ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 499-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Relationship

1. The male rat is more susceptible to infections ofNematospiroides dubiusthan the female. As the rat grows older the resistance of the female rat to infection increases at a greater rate than that of the male.2. The course of the infection is modified by the sex of the host.3. More larvae penetrated the intestinal mucosa to encyst in the male than in the female. More larvae, however, formed cysts in the female than in the male rat by the fifth day.4. The male harboured more adult worms than the female rat, although this difference was not significant in the immature animals.5. The sex resistance of the rat toN. dubiusinfections was removed by bilateral gonadectomy. Castration decreased the susceptibility of the male rat, while spaying increased it in the female compared with the susceptibility in the respective normal hosts.6. Subsequent replacement of the homologous sex hormone in the gonadectomized rat restores the sex resistance, and may even increase it (particularly in the immature animals). Oestradiol increased the resistance of the spayed female rat, while testosterone increased the susceptibility of the castrate male rat to infection.7. Oestradiol implanted in castrate male rats increased the resistance of these hosts to a greater level than was shown in the normal male rat.8. The rat shows a marked age resistance over which the sex resistance is superimposed.9. The relationship between the sex of the host and its resistance to infection is discussed.This work was done during the tenure of a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Studentship. My thanks are due to Dr E. T. B. Francis for his helpful and critical supervision and to Professor I. Chester Jones, in whose department the work was done, for the facilities he provided.

scholarly journals Early Changes in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score Among Patients With Sepsis-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (9_suppl) ◽  
pp. 332S-339S
Author(s):  
Katsunori Mochizuki ◽  
Kotaro Mori ◽  
Yuta Nakamura ◽  
Ryo Uchimido ◽  
Hiroshi Kamijo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment ◽  
Organ Failure ◽  
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ◽  
Sofa Score ◽  
Early Improvement ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Soluble Thrombomodulin ◽  
Failure Assessment ◽  
Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin

It is unclear whether initial infection control or anticoagulant therapy exerts a greater effect on early changes in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score among patients with sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). This retrospective propensity score cohort study aimed to evaluate whether adequacy of infection control or anticoagulation therapy had a greater effect on early changes in the SOFA scores among 52 patients with sepsis-induced DIC. Inadequate initial infection control was associated with a lower 28-day survival rate among patients with sepsis-induced DIC (odds ratio [OR]: 0.116, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.022-0.601; P = .010); however, the adequacy was not associated with an early improvement in the SOFA score. However, despite adjusting for inadequate initial infection control, administration of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin was associated with an early improvement in the SOFA score (OR: 5.058, 95% CI: 1.047-24.450; P = .044). Therefore, early changes in the SOFA score within 48 hours after the DIC diagnosis were more strongly affected by the administration of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin than the adequacy of initial infection control.

scholarly journals DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY

1957 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. Uhr ◽  
A. M. Pappenheimer ◽  
M. Yoneda
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Toxigenic Strain ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Minute Amount ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Toxigenic Strains

Guinea pigs infected by intradermal injection of living toxigenic diphtheria bacilli and protected by horse antitoxic globulin, given either before or after infection, develop delayed hypersensitivity of the tuberculin type to diphtherial proteins. The highest degree of hypersensitivity is specifically directed against diphtheria toxin (or toxoid) itself, although smaller delayed skin reactions may be evoked in sensitized animals by other diphtherial proteins common to both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains. Animals sensitized to diphtheria toxin by infection with a toxigenic strain in this way react positively to the Schick test and their serum usually contains no detectable antitoxin 2 to 3 weeks after the initial infection. Animals infected with living non-toxigenic diphtheria bacilli become sensitized to proteins common to both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains but do not show sensitivity to toxin. The observations suggest that a minute amount of toxoid, or of toxin comparable to that which might be liberated during infection, might induce the hypersensitive state if injected in the form of a complex with excess antitoxin. This prediction is verified by the results reported in the following paper (23).

scholarly journals TUBERCULOSIS OF RABBITS INDUCED BY DROPLET NUCLEI INFECTION

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Ratcliffe ◽  
W. F. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Droplet Nuclei ◽  
Initial Lesions

At intervals from 2 to 11 weeks after normal rabbits had inhaled small numbers of virulent bovine tubercle bacilli as separated cells in droplet nuclei, groups of these animals received a single exposure to reinfection during which each animal inhaled about 20,000 separated bacilli. Normal control rabbits which inhaled this large number of bacilli died within 4 weeks thereafter. Their deaths were attributed to destruction of the lungs by developing initial tubercles. Eleven of 12 rabbits which were reinfected within 4 weeks after initial infection seemed to respond as normal animals. Their lungs were largely replaced by developing reinfection tubercles when they died or were killed within 32 days after reinfection. The inflammatory response of the reinfection tubercles was not consistently different from that of initial tubercles, although reinfection tubercles contained fewer bacilli than initial lesions of the same age. Within 5 weeks after initial infection rabbits apparently had developed immunity to reinfection with virulent bovine tubercle bacilli inhaled as separated cells in droplet nuclei. In some of them, however, exposure to massive inhaled reinfection seemed to stimulate the progress of initial infection. It is suggested that in rabbits the development of resistance to tubercle bacilli does not bear a linear relationship to time, but progresses in steps and within 5 weeks after small initial infection by inhalation is adequate to prevent the growth of separated bacilli when these are deposited upon alveolar walls. It is suggested also that the basic effect of acquired resistance of rabbits to tubercle bacilli is inhibition of multiplication of the bacilli.

The Infection of the ventriculus of the adult honeybee by Nosema apis (Zander)

Parasitology ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Polar Filament ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Nosema Apis ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
High Level

1. Spores of Nosema apis nearly all germinate within 30 min. after entering the ventriculus of the honeybee.2. The cause of germination in vivo remains unknown, but is probably not a change of osmotic pressure or pH and is probably not due to anaerobic conditions or an enzyme. The agent causing germination is probably unstable and is destroyed when removed from the bee.3. The anterior end of the ventriculus receives an initial heavy infection and the circumstantial evidence which this provides supports the theory that a free living ‘planont’ stage does not exist but that the parasite is injected directly into the host cell from the spore via the hollow polar filament.4. The central region of the ventriculus which contains many granules of calcium phosphate receives the lowest initial infection. It is considered possible that the granules inhibit the initial rapid development of the parasite by maintaining an unfavourably high level of pH until they are eventually dissolved by the slowly developing organism.

scholarly journals Ovine herpesvirus 2 replicates initially in the lung of experimentally infected sheep

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 1699-1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Cristina W. Cunha ◽  
Christopher J. Davies ◽  
Katherine L. Gailbreath ◽  
Donald P. Knowles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphoproliferative Disease ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Open Reading Frame ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Replication Site

Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), a rhadinovirus in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), a frequently fatal lymphoproliferative disease primarily of ruminants worldwide. Inability to propagate the virus in vitro has made it difficult to study OvHV-2 replication. Aerosol inoculation of sheep with OvHV-2 from nasal secretions collected from naturally infected sheep during shedding episodes results in infection of naive sheep, providing an excellent system to study OvHV-2 initial replication in the natural host. In this study, we showed that OvHV-2 delivered through the nasal route by nebulization resulted in infection in all lambs, but no infection was established in any lambs after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. In nebulized lambs, while it was not detected initially in any other tissues, OvHV-2 DNA became detectable in the lung at 3 days post-infection (p.i.), increased to about 900 copies per 50 ng DNA at 5 days p.i., reached peak levels (∼7500 copies) at 7 days p.i., and then declined to an average of 800 copies at 9 days p.i. Transcripts of OvHV-2 open reading frame 25 (coding for the capsid protein), an indicator of virus replication, were only detected in lung tissues, and were positively correlated with OvHV-2 DNA levels in the lungs. In addition, selected immune response genes were also highly expressed in the lung at 5 and 7 days p.i. The data indicate that lung is the primary replication site for OvHV-2 during initial infection in sheep and suggest that viral replication is promptly controlled by a host defence mechanism.

Stage-Specific Antigens of Nematospiroides dubius Baylis, 1926 (Nematoda: Heligmosomides)

1987 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Adams ◽  
Iain J. East ◽  
Fernando Monroy G. ◽  
Elizabeth A. Washington ◽  
Colin Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius

scholarly journals Serological tests for the detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens and turkeys

1968 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. W. Jordan ◽  
P. Kulasegaram
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Metabolic Inhibition ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Gel Method

SUMMARYA comparison was undertaken of several serological tests in determining the response of chickens and turkeys experimentally infected with the A 514 strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.After a single intratracheal inoculation of chickens with a culture of the organism, the highest titres were obtained by the indirect complement fixation (ICF) test, followed by the tube agglutination (TA), haemagglutination inhibition (HI), slide agglutination (SA) and metabolic inhibition (MI) tests. By all these tests positive titres were observed within the first week and peak titres between the first and second weeks. At 5 months there was no positive reaction by the ICF test but most chickens gave positive readings by the TA, HI and SA tests for at least 14 months after infection, but turkey sera became negative by all tests after 3 months.A disadvantage of the ICF test was that sera up to a dilution of 1/8 and 1/16 for chicken and turkey respectively were anticomplementary, and in turkeys this masked the ICF titre, which presumably was low following one intratracheal inoculation. Titres in turkeys with the TA, HI and SA tests followed the pattern seen with chickens and were generally lower than those found by other workers probably because of the avirulent nature of the inoculum used.The WB test was the least sensitive of the agglutination tests but is useful as a flock test which can be undertaken on the farm.The MI test gave the lowest titres of all and antibodies could be detected for only 4 months following one intratracheal inoculation. Even with serum prepared by multiple inoculations in chickens the titre was never higher than 1/32 compared with 1/1024 for serum similarly prepared in rabbits.Precipitins were detected by the agar gel method in the sera of chickens and turkeys after two intratracheal inoculations but in only some of the chickens and none of the turkeys after one inoculation.By all tests higher titres were observed with chicken than turkey sera and antibodies persisted for a longer time.Re-infection of chickens when antibodies to the initial infection had become low, and of turkeys when antibodies were no longer detectable, gave rise to an anamnestic response with titres which were higher than before.Antiserum to M. gallisepticum prepared in chickens is comparable with that prepared in rabbits except for low titres by the MI test.

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